{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:57:18Z","timestamp":1792159038531,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PHYSINT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical exercise triggers wide range of physiological responses, including immunological and neuroendocrine alterations. Although moderate exercise is beneficial, overtraining may cause various detrimental effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effects of overtraining-like forced exercise on beta-endorphin levels, immune modulation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: negative control (NC) group (without any training program), moderate exercise (ME) group (30\u2009min of swimming, 3 times a week for 4 weeks) and overtraining-like forced exercise (OT) group (60\u2009min of swimming, 7 times a week for 4 weeks). Plasma levels of\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -endorphin, corticosterone, and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10), as well as skeletal muscle ER stress markers (GRP78 and CHOP), were measured using ELISA. Total and differential leukocyte counts were analyzed with an automated hematology analyzer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The extensive training protocol in the OT group increased plasma beta-endorphin levels (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), depleted leukocyte counts and differentials (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) and altered cytokines profile (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). The GRP78\/CHOP ratio revealed a significant depletion in the OT\u00a0group compared to the NC (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), indicating ER stress activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated beta-endorphin reflects a neuroendocrine stress response that may become maladaptive over time. The observed immune dysregulation and increased ER stress suggest that overtraining-like forced exercise imposes a physiological burden potentially leading to tissue dysfunction and inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged overtraining-like forced exercise, if not properly regulated, may lead to maladaptive stress responses and adverse health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2026.00883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:10:52Z","timestamp":1789474252000},"page":"443-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory study of \u03b2-endorphin, immune profiles, and skeletal muscle endoplasmic reticulum stress following an overtraining-like forced swimming regimen in rats"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5034-1514","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ferbian Milas","family":"Siswanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Periskila","family":"Abigail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80234, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Putri","family":"Elvandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pangkahila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80234, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000284","article-title":"Exercise as a moderator of persistent neuroendocrine symptoms of COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"Rebello CJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rebello CJ, Axelrod CL, Reynolds CF, Greenway FL, Kirwan JP. 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