{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:49:46Z","timestamp":1792061386071,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PHYSINT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) determined from gas-exchange criteria during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provide reference points for exercise-intensity prescription, but their routine use is limited in applied settings. Detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 (DFA-\u03b11) has emerged as a potential non-invasive marker of physiological transitions during exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify and compare DFA-\u03b11 values against CPET-derived ventilatory thresholds and between exercise modes during constant-load swimming, cycling, and running in trained triathletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen triathletes (13\u00a0men, 4 women) completed maximal incremental CPETs in swimming, cycling, and running, after which constant-load trials were undertaken at VT1 and VT2, as determined from CPET using standard ventilatory criteria. R\u2013R intervals were recorded with a Polar V800 and Polar H10 and processed in Kubios HRV Scientific v4.2.0. DFA-\u03b11 was calculated using a 120-s moving window with 5-s updates. Between-modality comparisons were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At VT1,\n                      <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , heart rate, and PetCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      differed by modality, whereas DFA-\u03b11 did not differ significantly between swimming, cycling, and running (0.74 \u00b1 0.30, 0.75 \u00b1 0.21, and 0.65 \u00b1 0.20, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.456). At VT2,\n                      <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and heart rate again differed by modality, whereas DFA-\u03b11 showed no significant differences between modalities\u00a0but wide between participant variability (0.42 \u00b1 0.13, 0.37 \u00b1 0.11, and 0.47 \u00b1 0.13, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.061).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the group level, mean DFA-\u03b11 values were numerically close to previously proposed values for VT1 (\u223c0.75) and VT2 (\u223c0.50). However, the marked inter-individual dispersion across modalities limits the use of fixed DFA-\u03b11 values for individual identification of VT1 and VT2. These findings indicate descriptive group-level correspondence rather than individual-level validity or agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2026.00932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:19:31Z","timestamp":1792059571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ventilatory thresholds are detectable using DFA-\u03b11 at group level but not individual level during swimming, cycling and running"],"prefix":"10.1556","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-2404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudio","family":"Nieto-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, University Andres Bello, Vi\u00f1a del mar, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9180-1732","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Naranjo-Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9332-4951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carmen L.","family":"Medina-Porcile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, University Andres Bello, Vi\u00f1a del mar, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Gawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5711-7520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Tuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University Andres Bello, Vi\u00f1a del mar, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-7600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tina","family":"Van Duijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-9865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James D.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.167.2.211","article-title":"ATS\/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"167","author":"American Thoracic Society, American College of Chest Physicians","year":"2003","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society, American College of Chest Physicians. 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