{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T13:15:59Z","timestamp":1759497359931},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>\u00d6sszefoglal\u00f3.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Bevezet\u00e9s:<\/jats:italic> A nikkel sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171en elterjedt f\u00e9m \u00e9s\n                    kontaktallerg\u00e9n. Megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 mindennapi haszn\u00e1lati t\u00e1rgyainkban, feldolgozza az\n                    ipari termel\u00e9s, \u00e9s az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyben is rendre b\u0151v\u00fcl alkalmaz\u00e1si k\u00f6re.\n                    Egyidej\u0171leg a t\u00e1rsadalom n\u00f6vekv\u0151 h\u00e1nyad\u00e1n\u00e1l fordul el\u0151\n                    nikkel-kontaktszenzibiliz\u00e1ci\u00f3. <jats:italic>C\u00e9lkit\u0171z\u00e9s:<\/jats:italic> Az epicutan tesztelt\n                    betegcsoport adatainak feldolgoz\u00e1sa, kiemelve a nikkelpozit\u00edv betegek\n                    megoszl\u00e1s\u00e1t nem, \u00e9letkor, diagn\u00f3zis, a klinikai t\u00fcnetek lokaliz\u00e1ci\u00f3ja \u00e9s a\n                    t\u00e1rsult f\u00e9m\u00e9rz\u00e9kenys\u00e9g szerint, tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 a 2004 \u00f3ta \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes eur\u00f3pai uni\u00f3s\n                        <jats:italic>Nikkel Direkt\u00edv\u00e1k<\/jats:italic> hat\u00e1sainak tanulm\u00e1nyoz\u00e1sa.\n                        <jats:italic>M\u00f3dszer:<\/jats:italic> A k\u00f6zlem\u00e9ny a Semmelweis Egyetem B\u0151r-, Nemik\u00f3rtani\n                    \u00e9s B\u0151ronkol\u00f3giai Klinik\u00e1j\u00e1nak Allergol\u00f3gia Laborat\u00f3rium \u00e9s Szakambulanci\u00e1j\u00e1n\n                    1994-t\u0151l 2014-ig 13\u00a0693 f\u0151 (10\u201387 \u00e9v k\u00f6z\u00f6tti) standard k\u00f6rnyezeti epicutan\n                    sorral tesztelt beteg adatait vizsg\u00e1lja retrospekt\u00edv m\u00f3don.\n                        <jats:italic>Eredm\u00e9nyek:<\/jats:italic> Az \u00f6sszes vizsg\u00e1lt b\u0151rbeteg\n                    nikkelszenzibiliz\u00e1ci\u00f3s ar\u00e1nya 1994-ben 13,1%, 2004-ben 11,5%, 2014-ben 19,1%\n                    volt. A nikkel-kontaktdermatitis f\u0151k\u00e9nt n\u0151betegekn\u00e9l (93,0%) fordul el\u0151. A\n                    klinikai t\u00fcnetek els\u0151sorban a karokra \u00e9s az arcra lokaliz\u00e1l\u00f3dnak.\n                    Nikkel\u00e9rz\u00e9kenyekn\u00e9l az allergi\u00e1s kontaktdermatitis diagn\u00f3zisa 65,8%, atopi\u00e1s\n                    dermatitis 9,7%-n\u00e1l fordul el\u0151. A nikkel\u00e9rz\u00e9kenys\u00e9ghez leggyakrabban t\u00e1rsult\n                    f\u00e9mallerg\u00e9nek a kobalt \u00e9s a kr\u00f3m. Az 1994\u20132004-es peri\u00f3dushoz k\u00e9pest az eur\u00f3pai\n                    uni\u00f3s <jats:italic>Nikkel Direkt\u00edv\u00e1k<\/jats:italic>at k\u00f6vet\u0151 10 \u00e9vben a szenzibiliz\u00e1ci\u00f3\n                    sz\u00e1zal\u00e9kos emelked\u00e9se szignifik\u00e1ns volt, ugyanakkor a nikkelpozit\u00edvak \u00e9venk\u00e9nti\n                    sz\u00e1ma cs\u00f6kkent. 1994-ben a betegek legnagyobb h\u00e1nyada (26,5%) a 20\u201324 \u00e9ves\n                    korcsoportba tartozott, 2004-ben szint\u00e9n (20,8%), 2014-ben azonban a 35\u201339 \u00e9ves\n                    koroszt\u00e1lyhoz (15,1%). <jats:italic>K\u00f6vetkeztet\u00e9sek:<\/jats:italic> A nikkelszenzibiliz\u00e1ci\u00f3\n                    korban eltol\u00f3d\u00e1st mutat az id\u0151sebb koroszt\u00e1ly fel\u00e9, a 35 \u00e9vesn\u00e9l fiatalabb\n                    betegek sz\u00e1ma m\u00e9rs\u00e9kl\u0151d\u00f6tt. A Nikkel Direkt\u00edv\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n a fiatalabbak k\u00e9s\u0151bbi\n                    \u00e9letkorban \u00e9s kisebb m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u0171 nikkelexpoz\u00edci\u00f3nak vannak kit\u00e9ve. A vizsg\u00e1lt\n                    betegek nikkel\u00e9rz\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9nek sz\u00e1zal\u00e9kos emelked\u00e9se miatt azonban \u00fajabb\n                    szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1sok bevezet\u00e9se \u00e9s a hat\u00e1lyban l\u00e9v\u0151k m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1sa sz\u00fcks\u00e9gszer\u0171. Orv\n                    Hetil. 2021; 162(16): 629\u2013637.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Summary.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Introduction:<\/jats:italic> Nickel is a widely used metal and contact\n                    allergen. It can be found in our everyday objects and it is becoming more\n                    prevalent in healthcare. Simultaneously, nickel contact sensitization occurs\n                    more frequently. <jats:italic>Objective:<\/jats:italic> Analysis of data of patch tested\n                    patients by gender, age, diagnosis, localization of skin lesions, and associated\n                    metal sensitivity. Furthermore, to study the effects of the European\n                        <jats:italic>Nickel Directives<\/jats:italic> in force since 2004.\n                        <jats:italic>Method:<\/jats:italic> Retrospective analysis of data of 13\u00a0693 patients\n                    (aged 10\u201387) tested with a standard series of contact allergens at the Allergy\n                    Outpatient Unit and Laboratory of the Department, Venereology and\n                    Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University. <jats:italic>Result:<\/jats:italic> Nickel\n                    sensitization of all examined patients was 13.1% in 1994, 11.5% in 2004, and\n                    19.1% in 2014. Contact dermatitis occurred mainly in females (93.0%). Skin\n                    lesions are primarily localized to the arms and face. Diagnosis of allergic\n                    contact dermatitis occurred in 65.8%, and atopic dermatitis in 9.7% of tested\n                    patients. Commonly associated metal sensitivities were cobalt and chromium. In\n                    the 10 years following the Nickel Directives, the increase of the ratio of\n                    sensitized patients was significant while the number of nickel-positives per\n                    year decreased. Both in 1994 and 2004, the largest proportion of patients\n                    belonged to the 20\u201324 age group (26.5% and 20.8%, respectively), but in 2014, to\n                    the 35\u201339 age group (15.1%). <jats:italic>Conclusion:<\/jats:italic> Nickel sensitization\n                    shifts towards the older age group, with a decrease in young patients. Because\n                    of the <jats:italic>Nickel Directives<\/jats:italic>, people are exposed to nickel at a\n                    later age and to a lesser extent. Due to the increase of the ratio of\n                    nickel-sensitive patients, it is necessary to introduce new regulations and\n                    amend the existing ones. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(16): 629\u2013637.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/650.2021.32084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T13:22:49Z","timestamp":1626268969000},"page":"629-637","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A nikkel\u00e9rz\u00e9kenys\u00e9g jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge az Eur\u00f3pai Uni\u00f3 direkt\u00edv\u00e1inak t\u00fckr\u00e9ben"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"N\u00e1dudvari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Semmelweis Egyetem, \u00c1ltal\u00e1nos Orvostudom\u00e1nyi Kar, B\u0151r-, Nemik\u00f3rtani \u00e9s B\u0151ronkol\u00f3giai Klinika, Budapest, M\u00e1ria u. 41., 1085"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Semmelweis Egyetem, \u00c1ltal\u00e1nos Orvostudom\u00e1nyi Kar, B\u0151r-, Nemik\u00f3rtani \u00e9s B\u0151ronkol\u00f3giai Klinika, Budapest, M\u00e1ria u. 41., 1085"},{"name":"2 Semmelweis Egyetem, R\u00e1cz K\u00e1roly Klinikai Orvostudom\u00e1nyok Doktori Iskola, Budapest"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgyi","family":"P\u00f3nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Semmelweis Egyetem, \u00c1ltal\u00e1nos Orvostudom\u00e1nyi Kar, B\u0151r-, Nemik\u00f3rtani \u00e9s B\u0151ronkol\u00f3giai Klinika, Budapest, M\u00e1ria u. 41., 1085"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"S\u00e1rdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Semmelweis Egyetem, \u00c1ltal\u00e1nos Orvostudom\u00e1nyi Kar, B\u0151r-, Nemik\u00f3rtani \u00e9s B\u0151ronkol\u00f3giai Klinika, Budapest, M\u00e1ria u. 41., 1085"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erzs\u00e9bet","family":"Temesv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Semmelweis Egyetem, \u00c1ltal\u00e1nos Orvostudom\u00e1nyi Kar, B\u0151r-, Nemik\u00f3rtani \u00e9s B\u0151ronkol\u00f3giai Klinika, Budapest, M\u00e1ria u. 41., 1085"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13327","article-title":"Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: a clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment","volume":"81","author":"1 Ahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","unstructured":"1 Ahlstr\u00f6m MG, Thyssen JP, Wennervaldt M, et al. 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