{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:15:00Z","timestamp":1780103700903,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses are frequent causes of upper respiratory tract infections in children. We investigated the viral aetiology of community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in young children treated as outpatients in community settings.During November 2008, nasal swab specimens were taken from children with recent onset of upper respiratory tract infections. The patients attended day care or primary schools; the specimens were randomly obtained by pediatricians from schools and childcare institutions and sent for identification by PCR method.A total of 300 specimens were collected. From all samples, 40.67% were positive for at least 1 virus, viz. adenovirus 11.76%, rhinovirus 9.8%, respiratory syncytial virus 6.08%, influenza virus 5.56%, parainfluenza virus 4.9%, enterovirus 2.94% and a combination of 2 viruses 2%. Clinical manifestations of the respiratory infections were as follows: 70.7% of the patients had coryza, 69.3% cough, 26% sneezing, 19.7% sore throat, 2.7% headache, 7.7% fever, 2.3% conjunctivitis, 1.3% abdominal pain and 1% hoarseness.The results of this study demonstrate that adenoviruses and rhinoviruses are the two most common viral agents isolated from pediatric outpatients with acute URIs in autumn in Arak City. Coryza and cough were the most common symptoms in children. Sore throat and hoarseness were more prevalent in infections caused by influenza virus, conjunctivitis in parainfluenza, and coryza in rhinovirus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/amicr.58.2011.4.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]],"date-time":"2011-12-30T02:03:15Z","timestamp":1325210595000},"page":"289-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Aetiology of upper respiratory tract infections in children in Arak City: A community based study"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Manijeh","family":"Kahbazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Arak University of Medical Sciences Tuberculosis and Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Arak Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Fahmizad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahnaz","family":"Armin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Ghanaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faride","family":"Shiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Golnabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mana","family":"Jahromy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Arjomandzadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Arak University of Medical Sciences Tuberculosis and Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Arak Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdollah","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pediatric Infections Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"Meneghetti, A.: Upper respiratory tract infection. eMedicine [updated 2007 December 13]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/302460-overview\">http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/302460-overview<\/a>"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"Nokso-Koivisto, J.: Viral upper respiratory tract infections in young children. Department of Microbiology, National Public Health Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki, Finland, 2004 May 21. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/ethesis.helsinki.fi\/julkaisut\/laa\/kliin\/vk\/nokso-koivisto\/viralupp.pdf\">http:\/\/ethesis.helsinki.fi\/julkaisut\/laa\/kliin\/vk\/nokso-koivisto\/viralupp.pdf<\/a>"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2003.08.014","article-title":"Surveillance of respiratory viral infections among pediatric outpatients in northern Taiwan","volume":"30","author":"Lin T. Y.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.05.165","article-title":"Adenovirus, influenza virus A, B and respiratory syncitial virus infection in children","volume":"12","author":"Barati M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruohola, A., Waris, M., Allander, T., Ziegler, T., Heikkinen, T., Ruuskanen, O.: Viral etiology of common cold in children, finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases <b>15(2)<\/b>, (2009) Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/eid\/content\/15\/2\/344.htm\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/eid\/content\/15\/2\/344.htm<\/a>","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.081468"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"WHO guidelines for the collection of human specimens for laboratory diagnosis of avian influenza infection. 2005 January 12. 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