{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:11:01Z","timestamp":1789085461103,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orvosi Hetilap"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"Hypospadias is the most common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia. After the heart and circulatory system, it is the second most common developmental disorder in males. It is due to a midline fusion defect of the male urethra, which results in a misplaced urethral meatus. Hypospadias may be distal, medial and proximal. It may occur as an isolated defect or it may develop together with other genital disorders (retention of testes in one or both sides, microphallus, bifid scrotum) or with malformation of other organs. In some cases syndromic forms may also occur. Genetic factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of early developmental defect, but endocrine and environmental factors may also be important in the aetiology of hypospadias. It may be associated with various sex and autosomal chromosomal abnormalities. Monogenic and chromosomal causes of hypospadias accounts for about in 30% of all cases, while genetic factors remain unknown in 70% of cases. The authors summarize the development of the male external genitalia, the prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias. They propose that better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease may contribute to the prevention and decreased prevalence of the disease. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(25), 978\u2013985.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/oh.2014.29858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]],"date-time":"2014-06-17T02:44:59Z","timestamp":1402973099000},"page":"978-985","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"S\u00e1godi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Miskolci Egyetem, Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi Kar Prevent\u00edv Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9gtudom\u00e1nyi Tansz\u00e9k Miskolc Egyetemv\u00e1ros u. 1. 3515"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Borsod-Aba\u00faj-Zempl\u00e9n Megyei K\u00f3rh\u00e1z \u00e9s Egyetemi Oktat\u00f3 K\u00f3rh\u00e1z Gyermekseb\u00e9szeti Oszt\u00e1ly Miskolc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Em\u0151ke","family":"Kiss-T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miskolci Egyetem, Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi Kar Prevent\u00edv Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9gtudom\u00e1nyi Tansz\u00e9k Miskolc Egyetemv\u00e1ros u. 1. 3515"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Barkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miskolci Egyetem, Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi Kar Elm\u00e9leti Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9gtudom\u00e1nyi Tansz\u00e9k Miskolc"},{"name":"Borsod-Aba\u00faj-Zempl\u00e9n Megyei K\u00f3rh\u00e1z \u00e9s Egyetemi Oktat\u00f3 K\u00f3rh\u00e1z Csecsem\u0151- \u00e9s Gyermekoszt\u00e1ly Miskolc"},{"name":"Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- \u00e9s Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9gtudom\u00e1nyi Centrum Gyermekeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi Tov\u00e1bbk\u00e9pz\u0151 Int\u00e9zet Miskolc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghirri, P., Scaramuzzo, R. 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