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Since its original development, the method has undergone numerous refinements and changes brought about by improvements to testing equipment and techniques as well as from advances in our understanding of the mechanics of elastic\u2013plastic contact. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanics governing elastic\u2013plastic indentation as they pertain to load and depth-sensing indentation testing of monolithic materials and provide an update of how we now implement the method to make the most accurate mechanical property measurements. The limitations of the method are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2004.19.1.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,19]],"date-time":"2005-10-19T16:33:24Z","timestamp":1129739604000},"page":"3-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7251,"title":["Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology"],"prefix":"10.1557","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"W.C.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.M.","family":"Pharr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref034","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Nano-indentation and Nanotribology,","volume":"522","author":"Taljat","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref041","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Thin Films: Stresses and Mechanical Properties VI,","volume":"436","author":"Lucas","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.577270"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref058","volume-title":"The Hardness of Metals","author":"Tabor","year":"1951"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref057","first-page":"232","volume-title":"ASM Handbook Volume 8: Mechanical Testing and Evaluation","author":"Hay","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.2210420106"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.369178"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1995.0255"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7225(65)90019-4"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref066","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Thin Films: Stresses and Mechanical Properties","volume":"130","author":"Pethica","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1990.0123"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1999.0295"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1993.3229"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1997.0324"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1986.0601"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01418610208235724"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(01)00328-7"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1995.2892"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-999-0051-7"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01418610208235700"},{"key":"S0884291400085800_ref052","author":"Hertz","journal-title":"Miscellaneous Papers by H. 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