{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:10:30Z","timestamp":1784650230533,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office","issue":"48","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."],"DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T20:42:19Z","timestamp":1449693739000},"page":"1337-1341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Syringe Service Programs for Persons Who Inject Drugs in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas \u2014 United States, 2013"],"prefix":"10.15585","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Don C.","family":"Des Jarlais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Solberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Feelemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mermin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Holtzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6224","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.5.520","article-title":"Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States.","volume":"300","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2014.54","article-title":"State laws, syringe exchange, and HIV among persons who inject drugs in the United States: history and effectiveness.","volume":"36","author":"Bramson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.04.014","article-title":"The influence of needle exchange programs on injection risk behaviors and infection with hepatitis C virus among young injection drug users in select cities in the United States, 1994\u20132004","volume":"49","author":"Holtzman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R4","article-title":"Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis\u2014United States, 2007","volume":"58","author":"CDC","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir196","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs.","volume":"204","author":"Hagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9970-3","article-title":"Population size estimates for men who have sex with men and persons who inject drugs.","volume":"92","author":"Oster","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R7","first-page":"453","article-title":"Increases in hepatitis C virus infection related to injection drug use among persons aged \u226430 years\u2014Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, 2006\u20132012.","volume":"64","author":"Zibbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","article-title":"Doing harm reduction better: syringe exchange in the United States.","volume":"104","author":"Des Jarlais","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.05.014","article-title":"Initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users.","volume":"23","author":"Lankenau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R10","first-page":"443","article-title":"Community outbreak of HIV infection linked to injection drug use of oxymorphone\u2014Indiana, 2015.","volume":"64","author":"Conrad","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu643","article-title":"Emerging epidemic of hepatitis C virus infections among young nonurban persons who inject drugs in the United States, 2006\u20132012.","volume":"59","author":"Suryaprasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R12","first-page":"1488","article-title":"Syringe exchange programs\u2014United States, 2008.","volume":"59","author":"CDC","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3-201512091509-R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.217","article-title":"Nonmedical prescription drug use in a nationally representative sample of adolescents: evidence of greater use among rural adolescents","volume":"165","author":"Havens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"}],"container-title":["MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T21:16:46Z","timestamp":1498252606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm6448a3.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"48","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-2195","1545-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2195","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]]}}}