{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:44:11Z","timestamp":1792799051899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."],"DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T09:43:08Z","timestamp":1551778988000},"page":"214-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":687,"title":["<i>Vital Signs:<\/i>\n                    Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Bloodstream Infections \u2014 United States"],"prefix":"10.15585","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Athena P.","family":"Kourtis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Hatfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Baggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Epson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle","family":"Nadle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion A.","family":"Kainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghinwa","family":"Dumyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Emerging Infections Program MRSA author group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Capers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Coffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Clifford","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jernigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Cardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6224","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801550","article-title":"Changes in prevalence of health care-associated infections in U.S. hospitals.","volume":"379","author":"Magill","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S344","DOI":"10.1086\/533590","article-title":"Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"46","author":"Boucher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R3","first-page":"1970","article-title":"National burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, United States, 2011.","volume":"173","author":"Dantes","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R4","unstructured":"CDC. Data summary of HAIs in the US: assessing progress 2006\u20132016. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/data\/archive\/data-summary-assessing-progress.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007474","article-title":"Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.","volume":"364","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R6","unstructured":"CDC. 2016 national and state healthcare associated infections progress report. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/data\/portal\/progress-report.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R7","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. National action plan to reduce health care-associated infections Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2010. https:\/\/health.gov\/hcq\/prevent-hai-action-plan.asp"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.139","article-title":"Policies for controlling multidrug-resistant organisms in US healthcare facilities reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2014.","volume":"37","author":"Weiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1086\/511033","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics cannot distinguish community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infection: a prospective investigation.","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1086\/527389","article-title":"Comparison of both clinical features and mortality risk associated with bacteremia due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus.","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.7139","article-title":"Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus blood and skin and soft tissue infections in the US military health system, 2005-2010.","volume":"308","author":"Landrum","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R12","unstructured":"Premier Applied Sciences. Premier healthcare database white paper: data that informs and performs. Charlotte, NC: Premier Applies Sciences; 2018. https:\/\/learn.premierinc.com\/white-papers\/premier-healthcare-database-whitepaper"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-1025-7","article-title":"A comparison of a multistate inpatient EHR database to the HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample.","volume":"15","author":"DeShazo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R14","unstructured":"American Hospital Association. AHA annual survey database Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association; 2017. http:\/\/www.ahadata.com\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061115","article-title":"An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU.","volume":"355","author":"Pronovost","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R16","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Reduction in central line-associated bloodstream infections among patients in intensive care units\u2014Pennsylvania, April 2001-March 2005.","volume":"54","author":"CDC","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R17","first-page":"243","article-title":"Vital signs: central line-associated blood stream infections\u2014United States, 2001, 2008, and 2009.","volume":"60","author":"CDC","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/jhq.12008","article-title":"A bundled approach to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a system of community hospitals.","volume":"35","author":"Perlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Healthc Qual"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit668","article-title":"Relationships between the importation, transmission, and nosocomial infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an observational study of 112 Veterans Affairs medical centers.","volume":"58","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e2","article-title":"Vital signs: trends in Staphylococcus aureus infections in Veterans Affairs medical centers\u2014United States, 2005\u20132017.","volume":"68","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See I, Albrecht V, Mu Y, Changes in incidence and strains of methicillin-resistant\n                      Staphylococcus aureus\n                      bloodstream infections, 2005\u20132013 [abstract]. ID Week; Oct 26\u201330, 2016; New Orleans, LA.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw194.130"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2200","article-title":"Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era.","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716771","article-title":"Decolonization to reduce postdischarge infection risk among MRSA carriers.","volume":"380","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R24","unstructured":"CDC. Methicillin-resistant\n                      Staphylococcus aureus\n                      (MRSA). Information for inpatient clinicians and administrators. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mrsa\/healthcare\/clinicians\/index.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.15.1763","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States.","volume":"298","author":"Klevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6722a2","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among persons who inject drugs\u2014six sites, 2005\u20132016.","volume":"67","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402780","article-title":"Medication-assisted therapies\u2014tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic.","volume":"370","author":"Volkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw808","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors explain racial disparities in invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease rates.","volume":"64","author":"See","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R29","first-page":"22","article-title":"National costs associated with methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hospitalizations in the United States, 2010\u20132014.","volume":"68","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836","article-title":"Incidence and trends of sepsis in US hospitals using clinical vs claims data, 2009\u20132014.","volume":"318","author":"Rhee","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6513a2","article-title":"Varying estimates of sepsis mortality using death certificates and administrative codes\u2014United States, 1999\u20132014.","volume":"65","author":"Epstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1-201903070923-R32","unstructured":"CDC. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guidance documents. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hicpac\/recommendations\/index.html"}],"container-title":["MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T21:48:49Z","timestamp":1574200129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/68\/wr\/mm6809e1.htm?s_cid=mm6809e1_w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.735244398.793587613","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0149-2195","1545-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2195","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]}}}