{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:40:42Z","timestamp":1793335242640,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."],"DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:04:07Z","timestamp":1773317047000},"page":"116-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Interim Estimates of 2025\u201326 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness \u2014 United States, September 2025\u2013February 2026"],"prefix":"10.15585","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Maloney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Wielgosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malini B.","family":"DeSilva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Dascomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola P.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Y.","family":"Tartof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun J.","family":"Grannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toan C.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Zerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian G.","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha B.","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Staat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey A.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"House","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie A.","family":"Saade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krissy Moehling","family":"Geffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Wernli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vel","family":"Murugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily T.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie A. B.","family":"Bontrager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie K.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda B.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah S.","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayzsa","family":"Tannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi L.","family":"Moline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sifang Kathy","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"DeCuir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie R.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Flannery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikha","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Ellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CDC Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CDC Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omobosola","family":"Akinsete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah W.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian E.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlene","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison L.","family":"Naleway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Neelam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Bianca","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Sheffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina S.","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duck-Hye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousseny","family":"Zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Curley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran A.","family":"Faryar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Kristicevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleda M.","family":"Leis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"McKillop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Nordstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Odame-Bamfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana A.","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel B.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wettick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna M.","family":"Wickersham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haris M.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Albertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanthi","family":"Avadhanula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"DaSilva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet A.","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Keong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Moffatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila C.","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Schlaudecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rangaraj","family":"Selvarangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Szilagyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6224","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7432a2","article-title":"Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2025\u201326 influenza season.","volume":"74","author":"Grohskopf","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac234","article-title":"Effects of confounding bias in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza vaccine effectiveness test-negative designs due to correlated influenza and COVID-19 vaccination behaviors.","volume":"75","author":"Doll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1981","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1981","article-title":"Sparse data bias: a problem hiding in plain sight.","volume":"352","author":"Greenland","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00129-8","article-title":"Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies.","volume":"16","author":"Belongia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600096","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2026.31.7.2600096","article-title":"Modest protection from vaccination against influenza A(H3N2) subclade K, Beijing, China, 2025\/26 season.","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600068","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2026.31.5.2600068","article-title":"Interim 2025\/26 influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates with immuno-epidemiological considerations for A(H3N2) subclade K protection, Canada, January 2026.","volume":"31","author":"Separovic","year":"2026","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600109","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2026.31.7.2600109","article-title":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness from nine studies during drifted A(H3N2) subclade K predominance, Europe, September 2025 to January 2026.","volume":"31","author":"Lucaccioni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz543","article-title":"Spread of antigenically drifted influenza A(H3N2) viruses and vaccine effectiveness in the United States during the 2018\u20132019 season.","volume":"221","author":"Flannery","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2-202603120803-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4244","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1884","article-title":"Effect of antigenic drift on influenza vaccine effectiveness in the United States\u20132019\u20132020.","volume":"73","author":"Tenforde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:04:08Z","timestamp":1773317048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/75\/wr\/mm7509a2.htm?s_cid=mm7509a2_w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7509a2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-2195","1545-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2195","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}