{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:13:19Z","timestamp":1793459599339,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":540,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MMWR Recomm. Rep."],"DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T11:41:15Z","timestamp":1667475675000},"page":"1-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1873,"title":["CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain\n                    <b>\u2014<\/b>\n                    United States, 2022"],"prefix":"10.15585","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Deborah","family":"Dowell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R.","family":"Ragan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant T.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6224","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R, Hartung D, Turner J, Opioid treatments for chronic pain. Comparative effectiveness review no. 229. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER229"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skelly A, Chou R, Dettori J, Noninvasive nonpharmacological treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review update. Comparative effectiveness review no. 227. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER227"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonagh M, Selph S, Buckley D, Nonopioid pharmacologic treatments for chronic pain. Comparative effectiveness review no. 228. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER228"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R363","unstructured":"Chou R, Wagner J, Ahmed A, Treatments for acute pain: a systematic review. Comparative effectiveness review no. 240. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halker Singh R, VanderPluym J, Morrow A, Acute treatments for episodic migraine. Comparative effectiveness review no. 239. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER239"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, Noninvasive nonpharmacological treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review. Comparative effectiveness review no. 209. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2018.10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER209","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER209"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R, Deyo R, Devine B, The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid treatment of chronic pain. Evidence report\/technology assessment no. 218. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2014.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCERTA218"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6501e1","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2014United States, 2016.","volume":"65(No. RR-1)","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2458","article-title":"Systemic pharmacologic therapies for low back pain: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline.","volume":"166","author":"Chou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200011150-00017","article-title":"The Oswestry Disability Index.","volume":"25","author":"Fairbank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004","article-title":"A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain.","volume":"8","author":"Roland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10","article-title":"Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change.","volume":"33","author":"Ostelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.06.009","article-title":"Minimal important difference to infer changes in health-related quality of\u00a0life\u2014a systematic review.","volume":"89","author":"Jayadevappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R373","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.15.2000065","article-title":"Minimal clinically important differences in health-related quality of life after total hip or knee replacement: a systematic review.","volume":"1","author":"Keurentjes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R374","first-page":"129","article-title":"Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory.","volume":"23","author":"Cleeland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection.","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/465281","article-title":"A comparison between enriched and nonenriched enrollment randomized withdrawal trials of opioids for chronic noncancer pain.","volume":"16","author":"Furlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1","article-title":"Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis.","volume":"156","author":"Vowles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.12.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a 2-year multicenter, prospective cohort study with propensity score matching.","volume":"20","author":"Veiga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7789","article-title":"Prescription of long-acting opioids and mortality in patients with chronic noncancer pain.","volume":"315","author":"Ray","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1885","article-title":"Prescription opioid duration, dose, and increased risk of depression in 3 large patient populations.","volume":"14","author":"Scherrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R381","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.08.003","article-title":"The influence of prescription opioid use duration and dose on development of treatment resistant depression.","volume":"91","author":"Scherrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002396","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002396","article-title":"Gabapentin, opioids, and the risk of opioid-related death: a population-based nested case-control study.","volume":"14","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1136","article-title":"Pregabalin and the risk for opioid-related death: a nested case-control study.","volume":"169","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-017-0595-1","article-title":"All-cause and drug-related medical events associated with overuse of gabapentin and\/or opioid medications: a retrospective cohort analysis of a commercially insured US population.","volume":"41","author":"Peckham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006","article-title":"Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: a cohort study.","volume":"152","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180919","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0919","article-title":"Exposure-response association between concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use and risk of opioid-related overdose in Medicare Part D beneficiaries.","volume":"1","author":"Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R387","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j760","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j760","article-title":"Association between concurrent use of prescription opioids and benzodiazepines and overdose: retrospective analysis.","volume":"356","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0899","article-title":"Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications on pain-related function in patients with chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain: the SPACE randomized clinical trial.","volume":"319","author":"Krebs","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.09.003","article-title":"A randomized trial of 2 prescription strategies for opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain.","volume":"12","author":"Naliboff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R390","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Public health advisory: important information for the safe use of Fentora (fentanyl buccal tablets). Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2007. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information-drug-class\/timeline-selected-fda-activities-and-significant-events-addressing-opioid-misuse-and-abuse"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R391","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x","article-title":"Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the Opioid Risk Tool.","volume":"6","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R392","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.11.014","article-title":"Validation of the revised Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain (SOAPP-R).","volume":"9","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2771","article-title":"Nonrandomized intervention study of naloxone coprescription for primary care patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain.","volume":"165","author":"Coffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R394","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.11.003","article-title":"Prescription opioid taper support for outpatients with chronic pain: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"18","author":"Sullivan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05301-2","article-title":"Mortality after discontinuation of primary care-based chronic opioid therapy for pain: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"34","author":"James","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R396","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.05.001","article-title":"Opioid medication discontinuation and risk of adverse opioid-related health care events.","volume":"103","author":"Mark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R397","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.08.001","article-title":"Chiropractic manipulation in the treatment of acute back pain and sciatica with disc protrusion: a randomized double-blind clinical trial of active and simulated spinal manipulations.","volume":"6","author":"Santilli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.013","article-title":"Effects of motion style acupuncture treatment in acute low back pain patients with severe disability: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, comparative effectiveness trial.","volume":"154","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx140","article-title":"Attitudes, beliefs, practices, and concerns among clinicians prescribing opioids in a large academic institution.","volume":"19","author":"Ebbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.010","article-title":"Primary care physicians\u2019 perspectives on the prescription opioid epidemic.","volume":"165","author":"Kennedy-Hendricks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny204","article-title":"Attributes, attitudes, and practices of clinicians concerned with opioid prescribing.","volume":"20","author":"Razouki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13620","article-title":"Physician attitudes and experiences with Maryland\u2019s prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP).","volume":"112","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx274","article-title":"Patient values and preferences regarding opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review.","volume":"19","author":"Goshua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R404","unstructured":"Pain News Network. 2017 CDC Survey Results. 2017. https:\/\/www.painnewsnetwork.org\/2017-cdc-survey\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00477.x","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine use by primary care patients with chronic pain.","volume":"9","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.027","article-title":"A cross-sectional study assessing treatment preference of people with chronic low back pain.","volume":"99","author":"Francois","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e490","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp13X669211","article-title":"Identifying patients\u2019 beliefs about treatments for chronic low back pain in primary care: a focus group study.","volume":"63","author":"Dima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R408","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014999","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014999","article-title":"GPs\u2019 attitudes, beliefs and behaviours regarding exercise for chronic knee pain: a questionnaire survey.","volume":"7","author":"Cottrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R409","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-4","article-title":"The attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of GPs regarding exercise for chronic knee pain: a systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"Cottrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R410","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1223176","article-title":"Knowledge, behaviors, attitudes and beliefs of physiotherapists towards the use of psychological interventions in physiotherapy practice: a systematic review.","volume":"39","author":"Driver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R411","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.10.006","article-title":"Perceptions of physiotherapists towards the management of non-specific chronic low back pain from a biopsychosocial perspective: A qualitative study.","volume":"38","author":"Cowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24829","article-title":"UK-based physical therapists\u2019 attitudes and beliefs regarding exercise and knee osteoarthritis: findings from a mixed-methods study.","volume":"61","author":"Holden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2006.12.001","article-title":"Use of mind-body therapies in psychiatry and family medicine faculty and residents: attitudes, barriers, and gender differences.","volume":"3","author":"Sierpina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Explore (NY)"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e183044","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3044","article-title":"Coverage of nonpharmacologic treatments for low back pain among US public and private insurers.","volume":"1","author":"Heyward","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-014-0614-4","article-title":"Chronic pain patients\u2019 treatment preferences: a discrete-choice experiment.","volume":"16","author":"M\u00fchlbacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.06.006","article-title":"Patient preferences for osteoarthritis pain and chronic low back pain treatments in the United States: a discrete-choice experiment.","volume":"28","author":"Turk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R417","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0157151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157151","article-title":"Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward chronic pain and its management: a cross-sectional survey of frontline pharmacists in Ontario, Canada.","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R418","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-013-0031-3","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of duloxetine in osteoarthritis: a US private payer perspective.","volume":"11","author":"Wielage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2019.04.020","article-title":"Patient satisfaction and pain control using an opioid-sparing postoperative pathway.","volume":"229","author":"Hallway","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.01.003","article-title":"Doctors\u2019 attitudes and beliefs regarding acute low back pain management: asystematic review.","volume":"136","author":"Fullen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.12.057","article-title":"Preference for opioids in emergency department patients with acute musculoskeletal pain.","volume":"37","author":"Swenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R422","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501000-00001","article-title":"Physician views about treating low back pain. The results of a national survey.","volume":"20","author":"Cherkin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2003.5","article-title":"Clinical decision making in pain management: contributions of physician and patient characteristics to variations in practice.","volume":"4","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.11.1151","article-title":"Physical therapists\u2019 use of interventions with high evidence of effectiveness in the management of a hypothetical typical patient with acute low back pain.","volume":"85","author":"Mikhail","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.02.004","article-title":"Emergency provider analgesic practices and attitudes toward patients with sickle cell disease.","volume":"62","author":"Glassberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.11.013","article-title":"Factors impacting on doctors\u2019 management of acute low back pain: a systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"Fullen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R427","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2003.9.1.45","article-title":"Meta-analysis of oral triptan therapy for migraine: number needed to treat and relative cost to achieve relief within 2 hours.","volume":"9","author":"Adelman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R428","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181ff04ca","article-title":"Economic costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids.","volume":"27","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01075.x","article-title":"Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States.","volume":"12","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12183","article-title":"The economic burden of opioid-related poisoning in the United States.","volume":"14","author":"Inocencio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R431","unstructured":"Stagnitti MN. Trends in prescribed outpatient opioid use and expenses in the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population, 2002\u20132012. Statistical brief #478. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015. https:\/\/meps.ahrq.gov\/data_files\/publications\/st478\/stat478.shtml"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2012.00532.x","article-title":"Use and costs of prescription medications and alternative treatments in patients with osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain in community-based settings.","volume":"12","author":"Gore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R433","unstructured":"Laffer A, Murphy R, Winegarden W, et al. An economic analysis of the costs and benefits associated with regular urine drug testing for chronic pain patients in the United States. Nashville, TN: Laffer Associates; 2011. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/268175852_An_Economic_Analysis_of_the_Costs_and_Benefits_Associated_with_Regular_Urine_Drug_Testing_for_Chronic_Pain_Patients_in_the_United_States_Laffer_Associates_An_Economic_Analysis_of_the_Costs_and_Benefit"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R434","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000625","article-title":"The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the United States, 2013.","volume":"54","author":"Florence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R435","unstructured":"Cox C, Rae M, Sawyer B. A look at how the opioid crisis has affected people with employer coverage. Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker; 2018. https:\/\/www.healthsystemtracker.org\/brief\/a-look-at-how-the-opioid-crisis-has-affected-people-with-employer-coverage\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R436","unstructured":"Young K. Utilization and spending trends in Medicaid outpatient prescription drugs, 2014\u20132017. KFF; 2019. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicaid\/issue-brief\/utilization-and-spending-trends-in-medicaid-outpatient-prescription-drugs\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e187621","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7621","article-title":"Prevention of prescription opioid misuse and projected overdose deaths in the United States.","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-016-0400-5","article-title":"Economic evaluations of opioid use disorder interventions.","volume":"34","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2017.1325744","article-title":"Use of opioid substitution therapies in the treatment of opioid use disorder: results of a UK cost-effectiveness modelling study.","volume":"20","author":"Kenworthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R440","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0611","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of publicly funded treatment of opioid use disorder in California.","volume":"168","author":"Krebs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R441","unstructured":"Center for Health Information and Analysis. Mandated benefit review of H.B. 3972: an act relative to the practice of acupuncture. Boston, MA: Center for Health Information and Analysis; 2015. https:\/\/www.chiamass.gov\/assets\/Uploads\/MBR-H3972-Acupuncture.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R442","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23011","article-title":"Economic evaluation of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain.","volume":"57","author":"Hurley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2009.01.005","article-title":"Long-term clinical benefits and costs of an integrated rehabilitation programme compared with outpatient physiotherapy for chronic knee pain.","volume":"95","author":"Jessep","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R444","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu389","article-title":"Joint protection and hand exercises for hand osteoarthritis: an economic evaluation comparing methods for the analysis of factorial trials.","volume":"54","author":"Oppong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009000-00002","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of aerobic and resistance exercise in seniors with knee osteoarthritis.","volume":"32","author":"Sevick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R446","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318197ece7","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of exercise and diet in overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis.","volume":"41","author":"Sevick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.054478","article-title":"The cost effectiveness of behavioural graded activity in patients with osteoarthritis of hip and\/or knee.","volume":"66","author":"Coup\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R448","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/pgfar05030","article-title":"Acupuncture for chronic pain and depression in primary care: a programme of research.","volume":"5","author":"MacPherson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Programme Grants Appl Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R449","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005","article-title":"A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally.","volume":"8","author":"Dagenais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R450","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1675-4","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of general practice care for low back pain: a systematic review.","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R451","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-016-0268-8","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive and non-pharmacological interventions for low back pain: a systematic literature review.","volume":"15","author":"Andronis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2014.05.001","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of manual therapy for the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of evidence from randomized controlled trials.","volume":"37","author":"Tsertsvadze","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003097","article-title":"Are nonpharmacologic interventions for chronic low back pain more cost effective than usual care? Proof of concept results from a Markov model.","volume":"44","author":"Herman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R454","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1910","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of early interventions for non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled study investigating medical yoga, exercise therapy and self-care advice.","volume":"47","author":"Aboagye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1371-6","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of using a motion-sensor biofeedback treatment approach for the management of sub-acute or chronic low back pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised trial.","volume":"18","author":"Haines","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R456","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002344","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus cognitive behavioral therapy or usual care among adults with chronic low back pain.","volume":"42","author":"Herman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R457","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6293-9","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of neuromuscular exercise and back care counseling in female healthcare workers with recurrent non-specific low back pain: a blinded four-arm randomized controlled trial.","volume":"18","author":"Suni","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2272-5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of conservative treatments for neck pain: a systematic review on economic evaluations.","volume":"21","author":"Driessen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R459","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098765","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of exercise therapy in the treatment of non-specific neck pain and low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis.","volume":"53","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R460","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.08.025","article-title":"Which interventions are cost-effective for the management of whiplash-associated and neck pain-associated disorders? A systematic review of the health economic literature by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration.","volume":"16","author":"van der Velde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178918","article-title":"An economic evaluation of Alexander Technique lessons or acupuncture sessions for patients with chronic neck pain: A randomized trial (ATLAS).","volume":"12","author":"Essex","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R462","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.06.006","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of acupuncture treatment in patients with chronic neck pain.","volume":"125","author":"Willich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.7.8.1027","article-title":"In search of pharmacoeconomic evaluations for fibromyalgia treatments: a review.","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R464","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0451-y","article-title":"Cost-utility of cognitive behavioral therapy versus U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended drugs and usual care in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: an economic evaluation alongside a 6-month randomized controlled trial.","volume":"16","author":"Luciano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000591","article-title":"Patient preferences for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.","volume":"31","author":"Hsiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31828264f9","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of duloxetine in chronic low back pain: a Quebec societal perspective.","volume":"38","author":"Wielage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.12.36","article-title":"Economic outcomes for celecoxib: a systematic review of pharmacoeconomic studies.","volume":"12","author":"Huelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2165\/11598130-000000000-00000","article-title":"Duloxetine use in chronic low back pain: treatment patterns and costs.","volume":"30","author":"Ivanova","year":"2012","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12362","article-title":"Duloxetine use in employees with low back pain: treatment patterns and direct and indirect costs.","volume":"15","author":"Ivanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2165\/11536280-000000000-00000","article-title":"A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics.","volume":"30","author":"Morera-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200927020-00002","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: quality-of-life impact, costs and cost effectiveness of therapy.","volume":"27","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.09.004","article-title":"Economic evaluation of oral treatments for neuropathic pain.","volume":"7","author":"Cepeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R473","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.01.443","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of duloxetine versus routine treatment for U.S. patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R474","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.570744","article-title":"Average daily dose, medication adherence, and healthcare costs among commercially-insured patients with fibromyalgia treated with duloxetine.","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R475","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.503140","article-title":"Changes in opioid use and healthcare costs among U.S. patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain treated with duloxetine compared with other therapies.","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-013-0088-2","article-title":"Pharmacoeconomic outcomes for pregabalin: a systematic review in neuropathic pain, generalized anxiety disorder, and epilepsy from a Spanish perspective.","volume":"31","author":"Darb\u00e0","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R477","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12193","article-title":"A systematic review of pharmacoeconomic studies for pregabalin.","volume":"15","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R478","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.11.017","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of pregabalin for the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia: a Canadian perspective.","volume":"28","author":"Tarride","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R479","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01375.x","article-title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of the effect of pregabalin versus usual care in the treatment of refractory neuropathic pain in routine medical practice in Spain.","volume":"13","author":"de Salas-Cansado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2011.632797","article-title":"A cost-utility study of the use of pregabalin in treatment-refractory neuropathic pain.","volume":"15","author":"Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.562885","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of a new 8% capsaicin patch compared to existing therapies for postherpetic neuralgia.","volume":"27","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R482","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150973","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of capsaicin 8% patch compared with pregabalin for the treatment of patients with peripheral neuropathic pain in Scotland.","volume":"11","author":"Mankowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200828090-00005","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of a lidocaine 5% medicated plaster compared with gabapentin and pregabalin for treating postherpetic neuralgia: a german perspective.","volume":"28","author":"Liedgens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2010.506176","article-title":"Comparing healthcare costs of Medicaid patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) treated with lidocaine patch 5% versus gabapentin or pregabalin.","volume":"13","author":"Kirson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R485","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2011.586389","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of duloxetine in the treatment of fibromyalgia in the United States.","volume":"14","author":"Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R486","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00470.x","article-title":"Health care costs in patients with fibromyalgia on pregabalin vs. duloxetine.","volume":"12","author":"Burke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R487","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2011.629262","article-title":"Clinical comorbidities, treatment patterns, and healthcare costs among patients with fibromyalgia newly prescribed pregabalin or duloxetine in usual care.","volume":"15","author":"Gore","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00440.x","article-title":"Real-world evaluation of health-care resource utilization and costs in employees with fibromyalgia treated with pregabalin or duloxetine.","volume":"11","author":"Harnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00453.x","article-title":"Health outcomes and costs among employees with fibromyalgia treated with pregabalin vs. standard of care.","volume":"11","author":"Kleinman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R490","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2012.660254","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of pregabalin in the treatment of fibromyalgia: US perspective.","volume":"15","author":"Lloyd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R491","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12044","article-title":"Direct medical costs and medication compliance among fibromyalgia patients: duloxetine initiators vs. pregabalin initiators.","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R492","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.554807","article-title":"Medication adherence and healthcare costs among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain initiating duloxetine versus pregabalin.","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R493","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh123","article-title":"Patient preferences for acute pain treatment.","volume":"92","author":"Gan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R494","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00344.x","article-title":"A cost utility analysis of interdisciplinary early intervention versus treatment as usual for high-risk acute low back pain patients.","volume":"10","author":"Rogerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R495","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/02813430050202578","article-title":"Cost-minimisation analysis of three conservative treatment programmes in 180 patients sick-listed for acute low-back pain.","volume":"18","author":"Seferlis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R496","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4781-0","article-title":"The economic burden of guideline-recommended first line care for acute low back pain.","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R497","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177255","article-title":"Effect on healthcare utilization and costs of spinal manual therapy for acute low back pain in routine care: a propensity score matched cohort study.","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R498","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000322","article-title":"Health care costs and utilization in patients receiving prescriptions for long-acting opioids for acute postsurgical pain.","volume":"32","author":"Gold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462312000517","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of oral triptans for acute migraine: mixed treatment comparison.","volume":"28","author":"Asseburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125003403","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of oral triptan therapy: a trans-national comparison based on a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"20","author":"Belsey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80011-4","article-title":"Economic implications of early treatment of migraine with sumatriptan tablets.","volume":"23","author":"Cady","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mjt.0000174354.05142.c1","article-title":"Using patient-centered endpoints to determine the cost-effectiveness of triptans for acute migraine therapy.","volume":"13","author":"Kelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.4065\/76.11.1093","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of sumatriptan in patients with migraine.","volume":"76","author":"Lofland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R504","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200523030-00006","article-title":"Oral serotonin receptor agonists: a review of their cost effectiveness in migraine.","volume":"23","author":"Lofland","year":"2005","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R505","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.8.1092","article-title":"Economic analysis of triptan therapy for acute migraine: a Medicaid perspective.","volume":"27","author":"Mullins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.00056.x","article-title":"An economic evaluation of triptan products for migraine.","volume":"8","author":"Perfetto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2004.10.3.259","article-title":"A comparison of the cost-effectiveness of almotriptan and sumatriptan in the treatment of acute migraine using a composite efficacy\/tolerability end point.","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R508","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519070-00005","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of rizatriptan and sumatriptan versus Cafergot in the acute treatment of migraine.","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R509","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R, Selph S, Wagner J, Systematic review on opioid treatments for chronic pain: surveillance report 3. AHRQ publication no. 22-EHC032. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; June 2022. https:\/\/effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/related_files\/opioid-chronic-pain-surveillance-report-3.pdf","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCSURVEILLANCE2OPIOIDCHRONIC"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001928","article-title":"Tanezumab for chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, phase 3 study of efficacy and safety.","volume":"161","author":"Markman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.035","article-title":"A phase III placebo- and oxycodone-controlled study of tanezumab in adults with osteoarthritis pain of the hip or knee.","volume":"154","author":"Spierings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R512","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e877","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000877","article-title":"Tapentadol treatment results in long-term pain relief in patients with chronic low back pain and associates with reduced segmental sensitization.","volume":"5","author":"van de Donk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X211066233","article-title":"Wearable transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (actiTENS\u00ae) is effective and safe for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pain: a randomized controlled trial versus weak opioids.","volume":"14","author":"Maheu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R514","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11013","article-title":"Association of dose tapering with overdose or mental health crisis among patients prescribed long-term opioids.","volume":"326","author":"Agnoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002298","article-title":"Patient outcomes after opioid dose reduction among patients with chronic opioid therapy.","volume":"163","author":"Hallvik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R516","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selph S, McDonagh M, Pappas M, et al. Systematic review on nonopioid pharmacologic treatments for chronic pain: surveillance report 3. AHRQ publication no. 22-EHC034 Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; June 2022. https:\/\/effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/related_files\/surveillance-report-3-nonopioid-pharm-chronic-pain.pdf","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCSURVEILLANCENONOPIOIDCHRONIC"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R517","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6739-4","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC\/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis.","volume":"260","author":"Langford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R518","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13148","article-title":"A randomized control trial of duloxetine and gabapentin in painful diabetic neuropathy.","volume":"13","author":"Khasbage","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5293","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5293","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of duloxetine and pregabalin in pain relief associated with diabetic neuropathy.","volume":"11","author":"Shahid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-021-00741-2","article-title":"The efficacy and safety profile of capsaicin 8% patch versus 5% Lidocaine patch in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled study of south Asian male patients.","volume":"20","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skelly A, Brodt E, Kantner S, Diulio-Nakamura A, Mauer K, Shetty K. Systematic review on noninvasive nonpharmacological treatment for chronic pain: surveillance report 3. AHRQ publication no. 22-EHC035. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; June 2022. https:\/\/effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/related_files\/surveillance-report-3-noninvasive-nonpharma.pdf","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCNONINVASIVENONPHARMASURVEILLANCE3."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R522","first-page":"6710","article-title":"The effect of Wuqinxi exercises on the balance function and subjective quality of life in elderly, female knee osteoarthritis patients.","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155211012004","article-title":"Interferential current and photobiomodulation in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.","volume":"35","author":"Alqualo-Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R, Griffin J, Blazina I, Schwarz E, Atchison C, Mauer K. Systematic review on treatments for acute pain: surveillance report 3. AHRQ publication no. 22-EHC022. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; June 2022. https:\/\/effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/product\/pdf\/main-apps-surv-report-3-acute-pain.pdf","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCSURVEILLANCE2ACUTEPAIN"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R525","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20210201-07","article-title":"The effect of preoperative opioid education on opioid consumption after outpatient orthopedic surgery: a prospective randomized trial.","volume":"44","author":"Ilyas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R526","first-page":"2","article-title":"Prospective randomized study evaluating the effects of preoperative opioid counseling on postoperative opioid use after outpatient lower extremity orthopaedic surgery.","volume":"30","author":"Paskey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Orthop Adv"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R527","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214287","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.4287","article-title":"Patient-centered decision-making for postoperative narcotic-free endocrine surgery: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"156","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanderPluym JH, Halker Singh RB, Farah MH, et al. Acute treatments for episodic migraine: surveillance report 3. AHRQ publication no. 22-EHC041. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; August 2022. https:\/\/effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/product\/pdf\/episodic-migraine-surveillance-report-3.pdf","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCMIGRAINESURVEILLANCE3"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R529","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7665","article-title":"Effects of intravenous eptinezumab vs placebo on headache pain and most bothersome symptom when initiated during a migraine attack: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"325","author":"Winner","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R530","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13659","article-title":"Comparing propofol with placebo for early resolution of acute migraine in adult emergency department patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.","volume":"33","author":"Meek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R531","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13961","article-title":"A randomized, double-dummy, emergency department-based study of greater occipital nerve block with bupivacaine vs intravenous metoclopramide for treatment of migraine.","volume":"60","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R532","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106821","article-title":"Comparison of greater occipital nerve and supra orbital nerve blocks methods in the treatment of acute migraine attack: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.","volume":"207","author":"Hokenek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110888","article-title":"Low intensity, transcranial, alternating current stimulation reduces migraine attack burden in a home application set-up: a double-blinded, randomized feasibility study.","volume":"10","author":"Antal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R534","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102421997766","article-title":"Trans-nasal high-flow dehumidified air in acute migraine headaches: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"41","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R536","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R537","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.036","article-title":"Crosswalk between DSM-IV dependence and DSM-5 substance use disorders for opioids, cannabis, cocaine and alcohol.","volume":"132","author":"Compton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/07347324.2016.1113103","article-title":"Language, substance use disorders, and policy: the need to reach consensus on an \u201cAddiction-ary.\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Treat Q"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R539","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.10.010","article-title":"Does it matter how we refer to individuals with substance-related conditions? A randomized study of two commonly used terms.","volume":"21","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R540","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. Words matter: preferred language for talking about addiction. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse; 2021. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/addiction-science\/words-matter-preferred-language-talking-about-addiction"},{"issue":"159","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ambulatory care visits to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments: United States, 2001\u201302.","author":"Schappert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 13"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R2","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12760","article-title":"Acute pain medicine in the United States: a status report.","volume":"16","author":"Tighe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R4","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Arg\u00e1ez C. Multidisciplinary treatment programs for patients with acute or subacute pain: a review of clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019 May 7. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK546002\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among U.S. adults, 2019.","volume":"390","author":"Zelaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R6","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Pain management best practices inter-agency task force report: updates, gaps, inconsistencies, and recommendations. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2019."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R, Hartung D, Turner J, Opioid treatments for chronic pain. Comparative effectiveness review no. 229. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER229"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonagh M, Selph S, Buckley D, Nonopioid pharmacologic treatments for chronic pain. Comparative effectiveness review no. 228. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER228"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skelly A, Chou R, Dettori J, Noninvasive nonpharmacological treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review update. Comparative effectiveness review no. 227. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER227"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R10","unstructured":"Chou R, Wagner J, Ahmed A, Treatments for acute pain: a systematic review. Comparative effectiveness review no. 240. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halker Singh R, VanderPluym J, Morrow A, Acute treatments for episodic migraine. Comparative effectiveness review no. 239. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER239"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.04.029","article-title":"Chronic pain and mental health disorders: shared neural mechanisms, epidemiology, and treatment.","volume":"91","author":"Hooten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.009","article-title":"Systematic review of prevalence, correlates, and treatment outcomes for chronic non-cancer pain in patients with comorbid substance use disorder.","volume":"152","author":"Morasco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.06.016","article-title":"Suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts in chronic pain patients: factors associated with increased risk.","volume":"111","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.08.020","article-title":"Chronic pain and suicide risk: a comprehensive review.","volume":"87","author":"Racine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0830","article-title":"Chronic pain among suicide decedents, 2003 to 2014: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System.","volume":"169","author":"Petrosky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0608-2","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to use of non-pharmacological treatments in chronic pain.","volume":"18","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264315592600","article-title":"Pain in community-dwelling elderly African Americans.","volume":"28","author":"Bazargan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203894","article-title":"Pain intensity among community-dwelling African American older adults in an economically disadvantaged area of Los Angeles: social, behavioral, and health determinants.","volume":"16","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019","article-title":"Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine.","volume":"43","author":"Rupp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1671942","article-title":"Understanding why patients with substance use disorders leave the hospital against medical advice: a qualitative study.","volume":"41","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14302","article-title":"Pain treatment of underserved older African Americans.","volume":"64","author":"Yazdanshenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265342","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265342","article-title":"Perspectives of individuals with sickle cell disease on barriers to care.","volume":"17","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2034159","article-title":"Racial inequality in prescription opioid receipt\u2014role of individual health systems.","volume":"385","author":"Morden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny074","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in the evaluation and management of pain in the outpatient setting, 2006\u20132015.","volume":"20","author":"Ly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2516-z","article-title":"The impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status and race on the prescribing of opioids in emergency departments throughout the United States.","volume":"28","author":"Joynt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003505","article-title":"Racial and ethnic inequities in postpartum pain evaluation and management.","volume":"134","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1915","article-title":"Racial disparities in pain management of children with appendicitis in emergency departments.","volume":"169","author":"Goyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.06.014","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in the management of acute pain in US emergency departments: meta-analysis and systematic review.","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.07.034","article-title":"Racial disparities in the monitoring of patients on chronic opioid therapy.","volume":"154","author":"Hausmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97229","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.97229","article-title":"Assessment of factors predicting inadequate pain management in chronic pain patients.","volume":"9","author":"Majedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6911a5","article-title":"Variation in adult outpatient opioid prescription dispensing by age and sex\u2014United States, 2008\u20132018.","volume":"69","author":"Schieber","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0563-8","article-title":"Opioid prescribing patterns for non-malignant chronic pain for rural versus non-rural US adults: a population-based study using 2010 NAMCS data.","volume":"14","author":"Prunuske","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6911a4","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2017\u20132018.","volume":"69","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1242","article-title":"Racial differences in primary care opioid risk reduction strategies.","volume":"9","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.033","article-title":"Racial disparities in discontinuation of long-term opioid therapy following illicit drug use among black and white patients.","volume":"192","author":"Gaither","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001250","article-title":"A thousand cuts: racial and ethnic disparities in emergency medicine.","volume":"57","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2007.64","article-title":"Trends in opioid prescribing by race\/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments.","volume":"299","author":"Pletcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S287314","article-title":"Chronic noncancer pain management and systemic racism: time to move toward equal care standards.","volume":"13","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24361","article-title":"Race matters: perceptions of race and racism in a sickle cell center.","volume":"60","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2014.0234","article-title":"Beliefs and attitudes about opioid prescribing and chronic pain management: survey of primary care providers.","volume":"10","author":"Jamison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0235","article-title":"Prescription drug coverage for treatment of low back pain among US Medicaid, Medicare Advantage, and commercial insurers.","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e183044","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3044","article-title":"Coverage of nonpharmacologic treatments for low back pain among US public and private insurers.","volume":"1","author":"Heyward","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00701-1","article-title":"Disparities in opioid pain management for long bone fractures.","volume":"7","author":"Benzing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8874","article-title":"How implicit bias contributes to racial disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States.","volume":"30","author":"Saluja","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300621","article-title":"The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma.","volume":"102","author":"Sabin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R, Deyo R, Devine B, The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid treatment of chronic pain. Evidence report\/technology assessment no. 218. AHRQ publication no. 14\u2013E005-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2014.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCERTA218"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:107641","article-title":"Prescription opioid use among adults with chronic pain: United States, 2019.","volume":"162","author":"Dahlhamer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R49","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Letter to application holders: ER\/LA opioid analgesic class labeling changes and postmarket requirements. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/86875\/download"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R50","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA announces enhanced warnings for immediate-release opioid pain medications related to risks of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose and death. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2016. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-announces-enhanced-warnings-immediate-release-opioid-pain-medications-related-risks-misuse-abuse"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R51","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2021. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R52","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999\u20132008.","volume":"60","author":"Paulozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.11859","article-title":"Nonmedical prescription opioid use and use disorders among adults aged 18 through 64 years in the United States, 2003\u20132013.","volume":"314","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000021","article-title":"The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription.","volume":"30","author":"Edlund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.370","article-title":"Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related deaths.","volume":"305","author":"Bohnert","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6501e1","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2014United States, 2016.","volume":"65","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R57","unstructured":"CDC. CDC\u2019s clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/opioids\/healthcare-professionals\/prescribing\/guideline\/index.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1243","article-title":"Opioid prescribing in the United States before and after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s 2016 opioid guideline.","volume":"169","author":"Bohnert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pnac068","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac068","article-title":"Changes in opioid dispensing by medical specialties after the release of the 2016 CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain.","author":"Salvatore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2216475","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.16475","article-title":"Patterns in nonopioid pain medication prescribing after the release of the 2016 guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain.","volume":"5","author":"Goldstick","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R61","unstructured":"Substance Use-Disorder Prevention That Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act of 2018. 115\n                      th\n                      Congress. Pub. L. No. 115\u2013271, Sect. 1010. US Government Publishing Office; 2018. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/PLAW-115publ271\/html\/PLAW-115publ271.htm"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R62","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicaid strategies for non-opioid pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic chronic pain management. CMCS Informational Bulletin. Baltimore, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; 2019. https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/federal-policy-guidance\/downloads\/cib022219.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R63","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures. Prescribing policies: states confront opioid overdose epidemic. Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislatures; 2019. https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/health\/prescribing-policies-states-confront-opioid-overdose-epidemic.aspx"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R64","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Substance use disorder prevention that promotes opioid recovery and treatment for patients and communities (SUPPORT) Act section 7024: report to congress on opioid prescribing limits. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107896","article-title":"Legal requirements and recommendations to prescribe naloxone.","volume":"209","author":"Haffajee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny307","article-title":"Challenges with implementing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention opioid guideline: a consensus panel report.","volume":"20","author":"Kroenke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1904190","article-title":"No shortcuts to safer opioid prescribing.","volume":"380","author":"Dowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R68","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA identifies harm reported from sudden discontinuation of opioid pain medicines and requires label changes to guide prescribers on gradual, individualized tapering. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2019. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-identifies-harm-reported-sudden-discontinuation-opioid-pain-medicines-and-requires-label-changes"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.011","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and suicidal self-directed violence following clinician-initiated prescription opioid discontinuation among long-term opioid users.","volume":"47","author":"Demidenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232538","article-title":"Illicit opioid use following changes in opioids prescribed for chronic non-cancer pain.","volume":"15","author":"Coffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.05.001","article-title":"Opioid medication discontinuation and risk of adverse opioid-related health care events.","volume":"103","author":"Mark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108291","article-title":"All-cause mortality among males living with and without HIV initiating long-term opioid therapy, and its association with opioid dose, opioid interruption and other factors.","volume":"216","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05301-2","article-title":"Mortality after discontinuation of primary care-based chronic opioid therapy for pain: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"34","author":"James","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0899","article-title":"Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications on pain-related function in patients with chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain: The SPACE randomized clinical trial.","volume":"319","author":"Krebs","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6610a1","article-title":"Characteristics of initial prescription episodes and likelihood of long-term opioid use\u2014United States, 2006\u20132015.","volume":"66","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3810-3","article-title":"Association between initial opioid prescribing patterns and subsequent long-term use among opioid-na\u00efve patients: a statewide retrospective cohort study.","volume":"32","author":"Deyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001993","article-title":"Wide variation and excessive dosage of opioid prescriptions for common general surgical procedures.","volume":"265","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002198","article-title":"An educational intervention decreases opioid prescribing after general surgical operations.","volume":"267","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.4436","article-title":"Reduction in opioid prescribing through evidence-based prescribing guidelines.","volume":"153","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of prescription pain medication use among adults: United States, 2015\u20132018.","volume":"369","author":"Hales","year":"2020","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R81","unstructured":"CDC. U.S. state opioid dispensing rates, 2020. Atlanta, GA: US Department for Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/rxrate-maps\/state2020.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190665","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0665","article-title":"Trends and patterns of geographic variation in opioid prescribing practices by state, United States, 2006\u20132017.","volume":"2","author":"Schieber","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.06.008","article-title":"Opioid prescribing by specialty and volume in the U.S.","volume":"55","author":"Guy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204514","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4514","article-title":"Indication-specific opioid prescribing for US patients with Medicaid or private insurance, 2017.","volume":"3","author":"Mikosz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R85","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2020. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R86","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Framing opioid prescribing guidelines for acute pain: developing the evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2019."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001851","article-title":"American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: management of acute and chronic pain.","volume":"4","author":"Brandow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R88","unstructured":"Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network. Opioid prescribing recommendations: pediatric prescribing recommendations. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network. https:\/\/michigan-open.org\/prescribing-recommendations"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R89","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology, version 1.2023. Plymouth Meeting, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2023. https:\/\/www.nccn.org"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2019.0038","article-title":"Adult cancer pain, version 3.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology.","volume":"17","author":"Swarm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2021.0028","article-title":"Survivorship, version 1.2021.","volume":"19","author":"Tevaarwerk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.5206","article-title":"Management of chronic pain in survivors of adult cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline.","volume":"34","author":"Paice","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R93","unstructured":"National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care. Clinical practice guidelines for quality palliative care, 4th ed. Richmond, VA: National Coalition for Hospice and Palliative Care; 2018. https:\/\/www.nationalcoalitionhpc.org\/ncp\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R94","unstructured":"Committee on Approaching Death: Addressing Key End of Life Issues: Institute of Medicine. Dying in America: improving quality and honoring individual preferences near the end of life. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2015."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2019.7379","article-title":"Bridging the gap among clinical practice guidelines for pain management in cancer and sickle cell disease.","volume":"18","author":"Schatz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000633","article-title":"The ASAM national practice guideline for the treatment of opioid use disorder: 2020 focused update.","volume":"14","author":"American Society of Addiction Medicine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop.","volume":"162","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R98","unstructured":"Contextual evidence review for the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain\u2014United States, 2016. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/3802710.23970\/AHRQEPCSURVEILLANCEOPIOIDCHRONIC"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.11.023","article-title":"Grading the strength of a body of evidence when assessing health care interventions: an EPC update.","volume":"68","author":"Berkman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.005","article-title":"Methods for developing evidence-based recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","volume":"29","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6745a4","article-title":"Updated framework for development of evidence-based recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence.","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation\u2019s direction and strength.","volume":"66","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.01.014","article-title":"GRADE equity guidelines 1: considering health equity in GRADE guideline development: introduction and rationale.","volume":"90","author":"Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R106","unstructured":"Ahmed F. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices handbook for developing evidence-based recommendations. Version 1.2. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/acip\/recs\/grade\/downloads\/handbook.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R107","unstructured":"CDC. Board of Scientific Counselors: 2019 Opioid Workgroup. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/bsc\/opioid-workgroup-2019.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R108","unstructured":"CDC. Opioid Workgroup of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Board of Scientific Counselors roster. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/pdfs\/bsc\/OWG-Roster-External-10-13-2020-FINAL-a.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R109","unstructured":"CDC. Opioid Workgroup of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC terms of reference. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/pdfs\/bsc\/OWG_Terms-of-Ref_FINAL-7-6-2020-r.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R110","unstructured":"CDC. Federal advisory committee management handbook. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Management Analysis and Services Office; 2008. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/maso\/facm\/pdfs\/Committeehandbook.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R111","unstructured":"BSC\/NCIPC Opioid Workgroup Members. Observations of the Opioid Workgroup of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control on the updated CDC guideline for prescribing opioids; 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/pdfs\/bsc\/OWG-Report-of-Recs-1-12-06.30.21-FINAL-508.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R112","unstructured":"CDC. Draft CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids\u2014United States, 2022: Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control\u2019s Opioid Workgroup report and CDC response. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. https:\/\/www.regulations.gov\/document\/CDC-2022-0024-0004"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R113","unstructured":"CDC. Draft CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids\u2014United States, 2022: overview of community engagement and public comment opportunities. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. https:\/\/www.regulations.gov\/document\/CDC-2022-0024-0005"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R114","unstructured":"CDC. NCIPC peer review agenda. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/fundedprograms\/peerReview.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R115","unstructured":"CDC. CDC\/ATSDR peer review agenda. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/os\/quality\/support\/peer-review.htm"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R116","unstructured":"CDC. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): evidence-based recommendations\u2014GRADE. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/acip\/recs\/GRADE\/about-grade.html#resources"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R117","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. Behavioral health implementation guide for the national standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate services in health and health care. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health; 2021. https:\/\/www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/Assets\/PDF\/clas%20standards%20doc_v06.28.21.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096178","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis.","volume":"51","author":"Doherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians.","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-3602","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic management of acute pain from non-low back, musculoskeletal injuries in adults: a clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians and American Academy of Family Physicians.","volume":"173","author":"Qaseem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13561","article-title":"The association between the supply of select nonpharmacologic providers for pain and use of nonpharmacologic pain management services and initial opioid prescribing patterns for Medicare beneficiaries with persistent musculoskeletal pain.","volume":"56","author":"Karmali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-3601","article-title":"Management of acute pain from non-low back, musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials.","volume":"173","author":"Busse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R123","unstructured":"American Dental Association. Statement on the use of opioids in the treatment of dental pain. Chicago, IL: American Dental Association; 2016. https:\/\/www.ada.org\/about\/governance\/current-policies"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp030813","article-title":"Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus.","volume":"350","author":"Teichman","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70038-9","article-title":"Indomethacin suppositories versus intravenously titrated morphine for the treatment of ureteral colic.","volume":"23","author":"Cordell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(96)70055-0","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous ketorolac, meperidine, and both (balanced analgesia) for renal colic.","volume":"28","author":"Cordell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R127","first-page":"497","article-title":"A comparative study on the analgesic effects of indomethacin and hydromorphinechloride-atropine in acute, ureteral-stone pain.","volume":"149","author":"Ud\u00e9n","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1988.tb09155.x","article-title":"The action of the prostaglandins on isolated human ureteric smooth muscle.","volume":"61","author":"Cole","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R129","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves new treatment for patients with migraine. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2019. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-new-treatment-patients-migraine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1044-6","article-title":"Lasmiditan for acute treatment of migraine in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: post-hoc analysis of pooled results from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials.","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12962","article-title":"Cardiovascular events, conditions, and procedures among people with episodic migraine in the US population: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study.","volume":"57","author":"Buse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13179","article-title":"Framingham-based cardiovascular risk estimates among people with episodic migraine in the US population: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study.","volume":"57","author":"Lipton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004517","article-title":"Pharmacologic stepwise multimodal approach for postpartum pain management: ACOG clinical consensus no. 1.","volume":"138","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Clinical Consensus\u2014Obstetrics","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.16190","article-title":"Effect of a single dose of oral opioid and nonopioid analgesics on acute extremity pain in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"318","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13043","article-title":"Naproxen with cyclobenzaprine, oxycodone\/acetaminophen, or placebo for treating acute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"314","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049","article-title":"Comparative clinical effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses.","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2013.0207","article-title":"Combining ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute pain management after third-molar extractions: translating clinical research to dental practice.","volume":"144","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.11.001","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and paracetamol in the treatment of acute renal colic.","volume":"73","author":"Pathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318160455c","article-title":"Early opioid prescription and subsequent disability among workers with back injuries: the Disability Risk Identification Study Cohort.","volume":"33","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318145a731","article-title":"Relationship between early opioid prescribing for acute occupational low back pain and disability duration, medical costs, subsequent surgery and late opioid use.","volume":"32","author":"Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170504","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0504","article-title":"New persistent opioid use after minor and major surgical procedures in US adults.","volume":"152","author":"Brummett","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000516","article-title":"Trends and predictors of opioid use after total knee and total hip arthroplasty.","volume":"157","author":"Goesling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.07.113","article-title":"Risk of prolonged opioid use among opioid-na\u00efve patients following common hand surgery procedures.","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.74.1363","article-title":"New persistent opioid use among patients with cancer after curative-intent surgery.","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001202","article-title":"Use of prescription opioids before and after an operation for chronic pain (lumbar fusion surgery).","volume":"159","author":"Deyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.3298","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for chronic opioid use among opioid-naive patients in the postoperative period.","volume":"176","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113747.18760.D2","article-title":"Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine.","volume":"62","author":"Katsarava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.12.008","article-title":"Management of postoperative pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists\u2019 Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council.","volume":"17","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.07.659","article-title":"Opioid-prescribing guidelines for common surgical procedures: an expert panel consensus.","volume":"227","author":"Overton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.10.012","article-title":"Guideline for discharge opioid prescriptions after inpatient general surgical procedures.","volume":"226","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R151","unstructured":"Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network. Prescribing recommendations. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network. https:\/\/michigan-open.org\/prescribing-recommendations"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12233","article-title":"Choosing wisely in headache medicine: the American Headache Society\u2019s list of five things physicians and patients should question.","volume":"53","author":"Loder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828aab14","article-title":"The American Academy of Neurology\u2019s top five choosing wisely recommendations.","volume":"81","author":"Langer-Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R154","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Disposal of unused medicines: what you should know. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2020. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/safe-disposal-medicines\/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R155","unstructured":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA\/DoD clinical practice guideline for the use of opioids in the management of chronic pain. Washington, DC: US Department of Veterans Affairs; 2022. https:\/\/www.healthquality.va.gov\/guidelines\/Pain\/cot\/VADoDOpioidsCPG.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R156","unstructured":"American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Chronic pain guideline. Westminster, CO: ReedGroup; 2017. http:\/\/www.das.ca.gov\/dwc\/MTUS\/ACOEM-Guidelines\/Chronic-Pain-Guideline.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R157","unstructured":"Federation of State Medical Boards. Guidelines for the chronic use of opioid analgesics. Euless, TX: Federation of State Medical Boards; 2017. https:\/\/www.fsmb.org\/siteassets\/advocacy\/policies\/opioid_guidelines_as_adopted_april-2017_final.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society.","volume":"147","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R159","unstructured":"Hooten WM, Timming R, Belgrade M, ; Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Assessment and management of chronic pain. https:\/\/www.mnmed.org\/getattachment\/about-us\/committees-task-forces\/Prescription-OpioidTask-Force\/Resources-for-physicians\/ChronicPain.pdf.aspx?lang=en-US"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions.","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.06.011","article-title":"OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis.","volume":"27","author":"Bannuru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000249","article-title":"Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane Review.","volume":"39","author":"Chaparro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R163","first-page":"CD010692","article-title":"Oxycodone for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults.","volume":"6","author":"Gaskell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.02.002","article-title":"Opioid use in fibromyalgia: a cautionary tale.","volume":"91","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15767","article-title":"American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers Criteria\u00ae for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults.","volume":"67","author":"By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria\u00ae Update Expert Panel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21596","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee.","volume":"64","author":"Hochberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD000335","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000335.pub2","article-title":"Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain.","author":"Hayden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R168","first-page":"CD004376","article-title":"Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee.","author":"Fransen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R169","first-page":"CD007912","article-title":"Exercise for osteoarthritis of the hip.","author":"Fransen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R170","first-page":"CD003786","article-title":"Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome.","author":"Busch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209724","article-title":"EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia.","volume":"76","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2012.0018","article-title":"Evaluation of the short-term effectiveness of education versus an occlusal splint for the treatment of myofascial pain of the jaw muscles.","volume":"143","author":"Michelotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02089.x","article-title":"Management of TMD: evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses.","volume":"37","author":"List","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R174","unstructured":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee scientific report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2018. https:\/\/health.gov\/our-work\/nutrition-physical-activity\/physical-activity-guidelines\/current-guidelines\/scientific-report"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199912010-00004","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of three active therapies for chronic low back pain.","volume":"24","author":"Mannion","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-4447","article-title":"Stepped exercise program for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"174","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007407","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007407.pub3","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults.","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R178","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA strengthens warning that non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause heart attacks or strokes. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2015. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-non-aspirin-nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory"},{"issue":"10","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004715","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004715.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders.","author":"Mujakperuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.241","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug(s) for relief of pain associated with temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review.","volume":"6","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dent Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.003","article-title":"The missing \u2018P\u2019 in pain management: how the current opioid epidemic highlights the need for psychiatric services in chronic pain care.","volume":"36","author":"Howe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2087","article-title":"Association between mental health disorders, problem drug use, and regular prescription opioid use.","volume":"166","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R183","unstructured":"Banerjee S, McCormack S. Medical cannabis for the treatment of chronic pain: a review of clinical effectiveness and guidelines. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-0981-1","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the PEG, a three-item scale assessing pain intensity and interference.","volume":"24","author":"Krebs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10","article-title":"Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change.","volume":"33","author":"Ostelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002824","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002824.pub2","article-title":"Intra-articular steroids and splints\/rest for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adults with rheumatoid arthritis.","author":"Wallen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R187","first-page":"CD005328","article-title":"Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee.","author":"Bellamy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R188","first-page":"CD004016","article-title":"Corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain.","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R, Fu R, Dana T, Pappas M, Hart E, Mauer K. Interventional treatments for acute and chronic pain: systematic review [Internet]. Comparative effectiveness review no. 247. AHRQ publication no. 21\u2013EHC030. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2021.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER247"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R190","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA requires label changes to warn of rare but serious neurologic problems after epidural corticosteroid injections for pain. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2014. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/88483\/download"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R191","unstructured":"Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee. National pain strategy: a comprehensive population health-level strategy for pain. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2015. https:\/\/www.iprcc.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/NationalPainStrategy_508C.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.8071","article-title":"Prescription opioid duration of action and the risk of unintentional overdose among patients receiving opioid therapy.","volume":"175","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R193","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA blueprint for prescriber education for extended-release and long-acting opioid analgesics. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2017. https:\/\/www.fmda.org\/2017\/Blueprint%20Opioid%20LA.ER%20REMS%20as%20of%201.20.2017.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.01.005","article-title":"Time-scheduled vs. pain-contingent opioid dosing in chronic opioid therapy.","volume":"152","author":"Von Korff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R195","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Abuse-deterrent opioids\u2014evaluation and labeling: guidance for industry. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; 2015. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/abuse-deterrent-opioids-evaluation-and-labeling"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R196","first-page":"493","article-title":"Vital signs: risk for overdose from methadone used for pain relief\u2014United States, 1999\u20132010.","volume":"61","author":"Paulozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/J354v19n04_05","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of methadone.","volume":"19","author":"Lugo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R198","first-page":"462","article-title":"Keeping patients safe from methadone overdoses.","volume":"36","author":"Grissinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp070392","article-title":"Methadone-associated Q-T interval prolongation and torsades de pointes.","volume":"66","author":"Stringer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.01.494","article-title":"Methadone safety: a clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society and College on Problems of Drug Dependence, in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society.","volume":"15","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4366","article-title":"Opioid analgesic dose and the risk of misuse, overdose, and death: a narrative review.","volume":"27","author":"Coyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006","article-title":"Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: a cohort study.","volume":"152","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.117","article-title":"Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain.","volume":"171","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000505","article-title":"A detailed exploration into the association of prescribed opioid dosage and overdose deaths among patients with chronic pain.","volume":"54","author":"Bohnert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael051","article-title":"Buprenorphine induces ceiling in respiratory depression but not in analgesia.","volume":"96","author":"Dahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000948","article-title":"Inches, centimeters, and yards: overlooked definition choices inhibit interpretation of morphine equivalence.","volume":"37","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R207","unstructured":"SpecGx LLC. Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen\u2013hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablet. https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/fda\/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=d621b526-4d9a-48a9-9a3e-d29d6aea2f31&type=display#LINK_f1b36741-318c-44d7-a2bc-b7435530b1e4"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R208","unstructured":"State of Washington Department of Health. Provider letter: clarification of opioid prescribing rules. Olympia, WA: State of Washington Department of Health; 2019. https:\/\/wmc.wa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/public\/documents\/Clarification-opioid-rules_9-20-2019.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134550","article-title":"Sex differences in dose escalation and overdose death during chronic opioid therapy: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"10","author":"Kaplovitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11013","article-title":"Association of dose tapering with overdose or mental health crisis among patients prescribed long-term opioids.","volume":"326","author":"Agnoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002298","article-title":"Patient outcomes after opioid dose reduction among patients with chronic opioid therapy.","volume":"163","author":"Hallvik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05227-9","article-title":"Opioid taper is associated with subsequent termination of care: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"35","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e192613","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2613","article-title":"Association between opioid dose variability and opioid overdose among adults prescribed long-term opioid therapy.","volume":"2","author":"Glanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m283","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m283","article-title":"Associations between stopping prescriptions for opioids, length of opioid treatment, and overdose or suicide deaths in US veterans: observational evaluation.","volume":"368","author":"Oliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2216726","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.16726","article-title":"Long-term risk of overdose or mental health crisis after opioid dose tapering.","volume":"5","author":"Fenton","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108248","article-title":"The association between opioid discontinuation and heroin use: a nested case-control study.","volume":"217","author":"Binswanger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108061","article-title":"Opioid prescribing history prior to heroin overdose among commercially insured adults.","volume":"212","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0598","article-title":"Patient outcomes in dose reduction or discontinuation of long-term opioid therapy: a systematic review.","volume":"167","author":"Frank","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R219","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services Working Group on Patient-Centered Reduction or Discontinuation of Long-term Opioid Analgesics. HHS guide for clinicians on the appropriate dosage reduction or discontinuation of long-term opioid analgesics. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2019. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/opioids\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-10\/Dosage_Reduction_Discontinuation.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R220","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Clinical guidance for treating pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder and their infants. HHS publication no. (SMA) 18\u20135054. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2018. https:\/\/store.samhsa.gov\/product\/Clinical-Guidance-for-Treating-Pregnant-and-Parenting-Women-With-Opioid-Use-Disorder-and-Their-Infants\/SMA18-5054"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.022","article-title":"Substance use disorders in pregnancy: clinical,\u00a0ethical, and research imperatives of\u00a0the\u00a0opioid epidemic: a report of a joint workshop of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and American Society of Addiction Medicine.","volume":"221","author":"Ecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R222","first-page":"44","article-title":"Death following suspected alprazolam withdrawal seizures: a case report.","volume":"86","author":"Haque","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tex Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181875aa0","article-title":"A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal.","volume":"30","author":"Lann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1402","article-title":"Changing the conversation about opioid tapering.","volume":"167","author":"Dowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.04.003","article-title":"Tapering long-term opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain: evidence and recommendations for everyday practice.","volume":"90","author":"Berna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.8709","article-title":"Patient-centered prescription opioid tapering in community outpatients with chronic pain.","volume":"178","author":"Darnall","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001493","article-title":"Opioid cessation and chronic pain: perspectives of former opioid users.","volume":"160","author":"Goesling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.11.003","article-title":"Prescription opioid taper support for outpatients with chronic pain: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"18","author":"Sullivan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1381663","article-title":"The conundrum of opioid tapering in long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a commentary.","volume":"39","author":"Manhapra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa029","article-title":"Outcomes in long-term opioid tapering and buprenorphine transition: a retrospective clinical data analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000603","article-title":"Depression effects on long-term prescription opioid use, abuse, and addiction.","volume":"34","author":"Sullivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R232","unstructured":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, Pharmacy Benefits Management, National Academic Detailing Services. Pain management opioid taper decision tool: a VA clinician\u2019s guide. Washington, DC: US Department of Veterans Affairs; 2016. https:\/\/www.pbm.va.gov\/PBM\/AcademicDetailingService\/Documents\/Pain_Opioid_Taper_Tool_IB_10_939_P96820.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.09.001","article-title":"Patients\u2019 experience with opioid tapering: a conceptual model with recommendations for clinicians.","volume":"20","author":"Henry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.31478\/202008c","DOI":"10.31478\/202008c","article-title":"Best practices, research gaps, and future priorities to support tapering patients on long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain in outpatient settings.","volume":"2020","author":"Rich","year":"2020","journal-title":"NAM Perspect"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R235","first-page":"777","article-title":"Deaths and severe adverse events associated with anesthesia-assisted rapid opioid detoxification\u2014New York City, 2012.","volume":"62","author":"Berlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002024","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002024.pub5","article-title":"Alpha2-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal.","author":"Gowing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1488","article-title":"Rethinking opioid dose tapering, prescription opioid dependence, and indications for buprenorphine.","volume":"171","author":"Chou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0732-2","article-title":"Buprenorphine for chronic pain: a systemic review.","volume":"22","author":"Fishman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.08.010","article-title":"Prescription opioid abuse, chronic pain, and primary care: a co-occurring disorders clinic in the chronic disease model.","volume":"43","author":"Pade","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.007","article-title":"Buprenorphine infrequently found in fatal overdose in New York City.","volume":"155","author":"Paone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000945","article-title":"Low dose initiation of buprenorphine: a narrative review and practical approach.","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00010","article-title":"Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy.","volume":"144","author":"Alford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e196928","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6928","article-title":"Access to primary care clinics for patients with chronic pain receiving opioids.","volume":"2","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6806a3","article-title":"Days\u2019 supply of initial opioid analgesic prescriptions and additional fills for acute pain conditions treated in the primary care setting\u2014United States, 2014.","volume":"68","author":"Mundkur","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6928.577","article-title":"Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute low back pain: an inception cohort study in primary care practice.","volume":"308","author":"Coste","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa048","article-title":"Patient-reported opioid pill consumption after an ED visit: how many pills are people using?","volume":"22","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e022649","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022649","article-title":"Quantity of opioids consumed following an emergency department visit for acute pain: a Canadian prospective cohort study.","volume":"8","author":"Daoust","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003986","article-title":"Comparing clinician consensus recommendations to patient-reported opioid use across multiple hospital systems.","volume":"275","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab244","article-title":"Patient-reported opioid analgesic use after discharge from surgical procedures: a systematic review.","volume":"23","author":"Mallama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002919","article-title":"Results of a prospective, multicenter initiative aimed at developing opioid-prescribing guidelines after surgery.","volume":"268","author":"Thiels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.85a.18038","article-title":"How acute pain leads to chronic opioid use.","volume":"85","author":"Reznikoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j5790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5790","article-title":"Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: retrospective cohort study.","volume":"360","author":"Brat","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147972","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147972","article-title":"Opioid use and storage patterns by patients after hospital discharge following surgery.","volume":"11","author":"Bartels","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0831","article-title":"Prescription opioid analgesics commonly unused after surgery: a systematic review.","volume":"152","author":"Bicket","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30428-3","article-title":"Inappropriate opioid prescription after surgery.","volume":"393","author":"Neuman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101324","article-title":"Implementation of a patient-specific tapering protocol at discharge decreases total opioid dose prescribed for 6 weeks after elective primary spine surgery.","volume":"45","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz260","article-title":"A multidisciplinary patient-specific opioid prescribing and tapering protocol is associated with a decrease in total opioid dose prescribed for six weeks after total hip arthroplasty.","volume":"21","author":"Tamboli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-5-39","article-title":"Predicting long-term response to strong opioids in patients with low back pain: findings from a randomized, controlled trial of transdermal fentanyl and morphine.","volume":"5","author":"Kalso","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.01.020","article-title":"Paid sick leave and preventive health care service use among U.S. working adults.","volume":"99","author":"DeRigne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.08.002","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test.","volume":"32","author":"Yudko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0317","article-title":"Performance of the Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use (TAPS) tool for substance use screening in primary care patients.","volume":"165","author":"McNeely","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x","article-title":"The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research findings.","volume":"31","author":"Reinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789","article-title":"The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.","volume":"158","author":"Bush","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12480","article-title":"Risk factors for serious prescription opioid-related toxicity or overdose among Veterans Health Administration patients.","volume":"15","author":"Zedler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.12.039","article-title":"Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects.","volume":"204","author":"Broussard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20164131","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4131","article-title":"Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review.","volume":"139","author":"Lind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556740","article-title":"Prescription opioids in pregnancy and birth outcomes: a review of the literature.","volume":"4","author":"Yazdy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Genet"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182a6643c","article-title":"Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects.","volume":"122","author":"Yazdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2006.0005","article-title":"Opioids in the parturient with chronic nonmalignant pain: a retrospective review.","volume":"2","author":"Hadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002140","article-title":"Acceptable risk of sudden incapacitation among safety critical transportation workers: a comprehensive synthesis.","volume":"63","author":"Sinclair","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.02.014","article-title":"Risk factors for clinically recognized opioid abuse and dependence among veterans using opioids for chronic non-cancer pain.","volume":"129","author":"Edlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3199-4","article-title":"Drug overdose in a retrospective cohort with non-cancer pain treated with opioids, antidepressants, and\/or sedative-hypnotics: interactions with mental health disorders.","volume":"30","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0038","article-title":"Opioid prescribing after nonfatal overdose and association with repeated overdose: a cohort study.","volume":"164","author":"Larochelle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002235","article-title":"ACOG committee opinion no. 711: opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy.","volume":"130","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice, American Society of Addiction Medicine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906723","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/906723","article-title":"Maternal opioid drug use during pregnancy and its impact on perinatal morbidity, mortality, and the costs of medical care in the United States.","volume":"2014","author":"Whiteman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pregnancy"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003025","article-title":"Obstetric care consensus no. 8: interpregnancy care.","volume":"133","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003013","article-title":"ACOG committee opinion no. 762: prepregnancy counseling.","volume":"133","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004659","article-title":"Patient-centered contraceptive counseling: ACOG committee statement number 1.","volume":"139","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, Contraceptive Equity Expert Work Group, and Committee on Ethics","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R279","unstructured":"American Medical Association Opioid Task Force. 2019 recommendations of the AMA Opioid Task Force. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2019. https:\/\/end-overdose-epidemic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2019-AMA-Opioid-Task-Force-Recommendations-FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020029074","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-029074","article-title":"Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome.","volume":"146","author":"Patrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R281","unstructured":"Goodman LS, Limberd LE. Goodman and Gilman\u2019s the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1996."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.23.1877","article-title":"Management of pain in elderly patients with cancer. SAGE Study Group. Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Drug Use via Epidemiology.","volume":"279","author":"Bernabei","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000237","article-title":"ACOEM practice guidelines: opioids and safety-sensitive work.","volume":"56","author":"Hegmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review.","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10435.x","article-title":"Use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain syndromes in primary care.","volume":"17","author":"Reid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181b99f35","article-title":"Trends in use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain among individuals with mental health and substance use disorders: the TROUP study.","volume":"26","author":"Edlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6834a2","article-title":"Changes in opioid-involved overdose deaths by opioid type and presence of benzodiazepines, cocaine, and methamphetamine\u201425 states, July\u2013December 2017 to January\u2013June 2018.","volume":"68","author":"Gladden","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R288","first-page":"881","article-title":"Alcohol involvement in opioid pain reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse-related emergency department visits and drug-related deaths\u2014United States, 2010.","volume":"63","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8020","article-title":"Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM. Screening for unhealthy drug use: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"323","author":"Krist","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.153","article-title":"The ability of single screening questions for unhealthy alcohol and other drug use to identify substance dependence in primary care.","volume":"75","author":"Saitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.140","article-title":"A single-question screening test for drug use in primary care.","volume":"170","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-3107","article-title":"Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study.","volume":"169","author":"Larochelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f174","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f174","article-title":"Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis.","volume":"346","author":"Walley","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-010-9495-8","article-title":"Overdose prevention and naloxone prescription for opioid users in San Francisco.","volume":"87","author":"Enteen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2771","article-title":"Nonrandomized intervention study of naloxone coprescription for primary care patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain.","volume":"165","author":"Coffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2120353","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.20353","article-title":"Association between receipt of overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions from multiple prescribers and overdose risk.","volume":"4","author":"Chua","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13620","article-title":"Physician attitudes and experiences with Maryland\u2019s prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP).","volume":"112","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R298","unstructured":"US Government Accountability Office. Report to congressional committees. Prescription drug monitoring programs: views on usefulness and challenges of programs. GAO-21\u201322. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office; 2020. https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-21-22"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R299","unstructured":"CDC. Integrating & expanding prescription drug monitoring program data: lessons from nine states. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/45241"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.04.003","article-title":"Who uses a prescription drug monitoring program and how? Insights from a statewide survey of Oregon clinicians.","volume":"15","author":"Irvine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2036687","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36687","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of state policy interventions targeting the US opioid epidemic, 2007\u20132018.","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R302","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dosing discrimination: regulating PDMP risk scores.","volume":"110","author":"Oliva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calif Law Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109067","article-title":"Validation and threshold identification of a prescription drug monitoring program clinical opioid risk metric with the WHO alcohol, smoking, and substance involvement screening test.","volume":"228","author":"Cochran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1384.037","article-title":"Interpretation of oral fluid tests for drugs of abuse.","volume":"1098","author":"Cone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R305","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs\u2014oral\/fluid. 84 Fed. Reg. 57554\u2013600 (October 25, 2019). https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2019\/10\/25\/2019-22684\/mandatory-guidelines-for-federal-workplace-drug-testing-programs-oralfluid#citation-1-p57578"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2165-7","article-title":"They don\u2019t know what they don\u2019t know: internal medicine residents\u2019 knowledge and confidence in urine drug test interpretation for patients with chronic pain.","volume":"27","author":"Starrels","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05514-5","article-title":"Provider misinterpretation, documentation, and follow-up of definitive urine drug testing results.","volume":"35","author":"Chua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R308","unstructured":"Washington State Agency Medical Directors\u2019 Group. AMDG 2015 interagency guideline on prescribing opioids for pain. Olympia, WA: Washington State Agency Medical Directors\u2019 Group; 2015. https:\/\/amdg.wa.gov\/guidelines"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.03.040","article-title":"Emergency department visits and overdose deaths from combined use of opioids and benzodiazepines.","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R310","first-page":"85","article-title":"Cohort study of the impact of high-dose opioid analgesics on overdose mortality.","volume":"17","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h2698","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2698","article-title":"Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns and deaths from drug overdose among US veterans receiving opioid analgesics: case-cohort study.","volume":"350","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R312","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR) when used with CNS depressants or in patients with lung problems. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2019. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-warns-about-serious-breathing-problems-seizure-and-nerve-pain-medicines-gabapentin-neurontin"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R313","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA urges caution about withholding opioid addiction medications from patients taking benzodiazepines or CNS depressants: careful medication management can reduce risks. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2017. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-urges-caution-about-withholding-opioid-addiction-medications"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R314","unstructured":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, Pharmacy Benefits Management, National Academic Detailing Services. Re-evaluating the use of benzodiazepines: a quick reference guide. Washington, DC: US Department of Veterans Affairs; 2016. https:\/\/www.pbm.va.gov\/PBM\/AcademicDetailingService\/Documents\/Academic_Detailing_Educational_Material_Catalog\/23_Benzodiazepine_Provider_AD_Quick_Reference_Guide_IB10_929.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2014.925444","article-title":"Risk versus risk: a review of benzodiazepine reduction in older adults.","volume":"13","author":"Paquin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R316","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1","article-title":"Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis.","volume":"156","author":"Vowles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S275397","article-title":"Opioid medication use among chronic non-cancer pain patients assessed with a modified drug effects questionnaire and the association with opioid use disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Boscarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.053","article-title":"Prevalence of prescription opioid use disorder among chronic opioid therapy patients after health plan opioid dose and risk reduction initiatives.","volume":"46","author":"Von Korff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002207","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence.","author":"Mattick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002209","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2","article-title":"Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence.","author":"Mattick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300235","article-title":"Medication-assisted treatment with methadone: assessing the evidence.","volume":"65","author":"Fullerton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.5302","article-title":"Primary care-based buprenorphine taper vs maintenance therapy for prescription opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"174","author":"Fiellin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.121","article-title":"Adjunctive counseling during brief and extended buprenorphine-naloxone treatment for prescription opioid dependence: a 2-phase randomized controlled trial.","volume":"68","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108073","article-title":"Chronic prescription opioid use predicts stabilization on buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder.","volume":"117","author":"Varisco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3181ba895d","article-title":"A clinical trial comparing tapering doses of buprenorphine with steady doses for chronic pain and co-existent opioid addiction.","volume":"4","author":"Blondell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2012.759872","article-title":"A preliminary study comparing methadone and buprenorphine in patients with chronic pain and coexistent opioid addiction.","volume":"32","author":"Neumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14991","article-title":"Opioid agonist treatment and fatal overdose risk in a state-wide US population receiving opioid use disorder services.","volume":"115","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m772","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m772","article-title":"Opioid agonist treatment and risk of mortality during opioid overdose public health emergency: population based retrospective cohort study.","volume":"368","author":"Pearce","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9","article-title":"Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial.","volume":"377","author":"Krupitsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R332","first-page":"CD001333","article-title":"Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence.","author":"Minozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32812-X","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid relapse prevention (X:BOT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.","volume":"391","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005031","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005031.pub4","article-title":"Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification.","author":"Amato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11090","article-title":"Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation.","volume":"11","author":"Connock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R336","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medications for opioid use disorder. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series 63 publication no. PEP21\u201302\u201301\u2013002. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2021. https:\/\/store.samhsa.gov\/product\/TIP-63-Medications-for-Opioid-Use-Disorder-Full-Document\/PEP21-02-01-002"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100179","article-title":"Buprenorphine-naloxone use in pregnancy: a\u00a0systematic review and metaanalysis.","volume":"2","author":"Link","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R338","unstructured":"Office of the Secretary, US Department of Health and Human Services. Practice guidelines for the administration of buprenorphine for treating opioid use disorder. 86 Fed. Reg. 22439\u201340. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2021\/04\/28\/2021-08961\/practice-guidelines-for-the-administration-of-buprenorphine-for-treating-opioid-use-disorder"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R339","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medication-assisted treatment: become a buprenorphine waivered practitioner. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2021. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/medication-assisted-treatment\/become-buprenorphine-waivered-practitioner"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R340","unstructured":"Indivior Inc. Suboxone medication guide. Reference ID: 4055394; revised Feb. 2017. North Chesterfield, VA: Indivior; 2017. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/022410s023lbl.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R341","unstructured":"Indivior Inc. Sublocade medication guide. Reference ID: 4555989. North Chesterfield, VA: Indivior; 2020. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/209819s012lbl.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E73","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.74018","article-title":"Buprenorphine-naloxone \u201cmicrodosing\u201d: an alternative induction approach for the treatment of opioid use disorder in the wake of North America\u2019s increasingly potent illicit drug market.","volume":"192","author":"Randhawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2021.S1.200236","article-title":"Buprenorphine microdose induction for the management of prescription opioid dependence.","volume":"34","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000059","article-title":"Unobserved \u201chome\u201d induction onto buprenorphine.","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R345","unstructured":"Houry D. Letter to American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) on buprenorphine and CDC\u2019s guideline. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2018. https:\/\/www.asam.org\/docs\/default-source\/advocacy\/letters-and-comments\/2018-1-4-letter-on-buprenorphine-and-cdcs-guideline-(002).pdf?sfvrsn=7fa840c2_2"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R346","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Chapter 2. Part 1306. General Information. \u00a71306.07. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-II\/part-1306\/subject-group-ECFR1eb5bb3a23fddd0\/section-1306.07"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R347","unstructured":"H.R. 8900\u2014116th Congress (2019\u20132020): Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021, and Other Extensions Act. 2020 Dec 11. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/116th-congress\/house-bill\/8900\/text"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R348","unstructured":"US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division. Registration: instructions to request exception to 21 CFR 1306.07(b) 3-day rule (EO-DEA248). Springfield, VA: US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division; 2022. https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugreg\/"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.04.023","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on the treatment of opioid use disorder in the emergency department.","volume":"78","author":"Hawk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R350","unstructured":"Alkermes. Vivitrol. Full prescribing information. Dublin, Ireland: Alkermes; 2021. https:\/\/www.vivitrol.com\/content\/pdfs\/prescribing-information.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302664","article-title":"National and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment.","volume":"105","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2018.0467","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for chronic pain and comorbid prescription opioid use disorders: a narrative review of the literature.","volume":"14","author":"Hruschak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.16409","article-title":"Patient-centered reduction or discontinuation of long-term opioid analgesics: the HHS guide for clinicians.","volume":"322","author":"Dowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R354","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. About SDOH in healthcare. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020. https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/sdoh\/about.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R355","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R356","unstructured":"CDC. CDC COVID-19 response health equity strategy: accelerating progress towards reducing COVID-19 disparities and achieving health equity. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/health-equity\/cdc-strategy.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06276-1","article-title":"Effect of an electronic health record \u201cnudge\u201d on opioid prescribing and electronic health record keystrokes in ambulatory care.","volume":"36","author":"Ancker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.6544","article-title":"Association of default electronic medical record settings with health care professional patterns of opioid prescribing in emergency departments: a randomized quality improvement study.","volume":"180","author":"Montoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1-202211031015-R359","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Pain management and the opioid epidemic: balancing societal and individual benefits and risks of prescription opioid use. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2017."}],"container-title":["MMWR. Recommendations and Reports"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T20:23:47Z","timestamp":1701289427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/71\/rr\/rr7103a1.htm?s_cid=rr7103a1_w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":540,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1057-5987","1545-8601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1057-5987","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-8601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]}}}