{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:11:23Z","timestamp":1792660283225,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MMWR Surveill. Summ."],"DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T13:40:19Z","timestamp":1542289219000},"page":"1-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":391,"title":["Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years \u2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012"],"prefix":"10.15585","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Van Naarden","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Baio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Bilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Constantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen S.","family":"Durkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Kurzius-Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Pettygrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cordelia","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eldon","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha S.","family":"Wingate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Zahorodny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University\u2013New Jersey Medical School, Newark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshalyn","family":"Yeargin-Allsopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6224","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00984.x","article-title":"Autism: not an extremely rare disorder.","volume":"99","author":"Gillberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R3","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R4","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198709000-00014","article-title":"A prevalence study of pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota.","volume":"26","author":"Burd","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.2.194","article-title":"The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: prevalence.","volume":"146","author":"Ritvo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015453830880","article-title":"The changing prevalence of autism in California.","volume":"32","author":"Croen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1958","article-title":"National autism prevalence trends from United States special education data.","volume":"115","author":"Newschaffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R10","unstructured":"California Department of Developmental Services. Autistic spectrum disorders: changes in the California caseload, an update: 1999 through 2002. Sacramento, CA: California Health and Human Services Agency, Department of Developmental Services; 2003."},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged U.S. children: 2007 to 2011\u20132012.","volume":"65","author":"Blumberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2989","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997\u20132008.","volume":"127","author":"Boyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1522","article-title":"Prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in the US, 2007.","volume":"124","author":"Kogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1004-0","article-title":"Parent-reported prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in US-born children: an assessment of changes within birth cohorts from the 2003 to the 2007 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health.","volume":"16","author":"Schieve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.1.49","article-title":"Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area.","volume":"289","author":"Yeargin-Allsopp","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R16","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2010.","volume":"63","author":"Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2010 Principal Investigators","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008.","volume":"61","author":"Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2008 Principal Investigators","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006.","volume":"58","author":"Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2006 Principal Investigators","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R19","first-page":"12","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2002.","volume":"56","author":"Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2002 Principal Investigators","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2000.","volume":"56","author":"Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2000 Principal Investigators","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2361","article-title":"Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"120","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R22","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2010. http:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.4.624","article-title":"A multiple-source method for studying the prevalence of developmental disabilities in children: the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study.","volume":"89","author":"Yeargin-Allsopp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R24","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 45. Public Welfare CFR 46. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2010. http:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/humansubjects\/guidance\/45cfr46.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R25","first-page":"1362361315607724","article-title":"Diagnosis lost: differences between children who had and who currently have an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.","author":"Blumberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of autism and other developmental disabilities following questionnaire changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Study.","volume":"87","author":"Zablotsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt216","article-title":"Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism.","volume":"136","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301602110","article-title":"Understanding sex bias in autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"110","author":"Werling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.08.025","article-title":"Pre-school children with suspected autism spectrum disorders: do girls and boys have the same profiles?","volume":"34","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31820b4260","article-title":"Racial disparities in community identification of autism spectrum disorders over time; Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, 2000\u20132006.","volume":"32","author":"Jarquin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e730","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2599","article-title":"Why are Latinos the most uninsured racial\/ethnic group of US children? A community-based study of risk factors for and consequences of being an uninsured Latino child.","volume":"118","author":"Flores","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1683-4","article-title":"Age at autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis by race, ethnicity, and primary household language among children with special health care needs, United States, 2009\u20132010.","volume":"19","author":"Jo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0383","article-title":"Pediatrician identification of Latino children at risk for autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"132","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000091","article-title":"Conceptualization of autism in the Latino community and its relationship with early diagnosis.","volume":"35","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2013.12.004","article-title":"Latino parents\u2019 perspectives on barriers to autism diagnosis.","volume":"14","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0958","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model.","volume":"125","author":"Dawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-3","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of an early intervention program for preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a community group setting.","volume":"13","author":"Eapen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R38","first-page":"CD009260","article-title":"Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).","volume":"10","author":"Reichow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.08.003","article-title":"Effects of a brief Early Start Denver model (ESDM)-based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"51","author":"Rogers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000235","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among 4-year-old children in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network.","volume":"37","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1050-7","article-title":"Evaluation of a records-review surveillance system used to determine the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"41","author":"Nonkin Avchen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2007)112[462:IOPVIP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Impact of postcensal versus intercensal population estimates on prevalence of selected developmental disabilities\u2014metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, 1991\u20131996.","volume":"112","author":"Lazarus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retard"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1-201811151339-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3893","article-title":"Potential impact of DSM-5 criteria on autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates.","volume":"71","author":"Maenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6745a7","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"record-id":"21972"}],"container-title":["MMWR. Surveillance Summaries"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T02:30:16Z","timestamp":1775269816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/65\/ss\/ss6513a1.htm?s_cid=ss6513a1_w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-0738","1545-8636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-8636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]}}}