{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:37:01Z","timestamp":1777711021163,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MMWR Surveill. Summ."],"DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T16:04:31Z","timestamp":1733241871000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Splash Pads \u2014 United States, 1997\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.15585","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Lawinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Lysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marydale","family":"Oppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vince R.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Yoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia A.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mia C.","family":"Mattioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele C.","family":"Hlavsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6224","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R1","unstructured":"CDC. Healthy swimming: what you can do to stay healthy at splash pads. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthy-swimming\/safety\/stay-healthy-at-splash-pads.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Shigellosis from an interactive fountain: implications for regulation.","volume":"73","author":"Bancroft","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R3","first-page":"856","article-title":"Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a water sprinkler fountain\u2014Minnesota, 1997.","volume":"47","author":"CDC","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.10.1641","article-title":"An outbreak of Shigella sonnei associated with a recreational spray fountain.","volume":"90","author":"Fleming","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7131a1","article-title":"Outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illness associated with a splash pad in a wildlife park\u2014Kansas, June 2021.","volume":"71","author":"Aluko","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7020a1","article-title":"Outbreaks associated with treated recreational water\u2014United States, 2015\u20132019.","volume":"70","author":"Hlavsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R7","unstructured":"CDC. Waterborne disease and outbreak surveillance reporting: cryptosporidiosis NNDSS summary report for 2019. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthy-water-data\/documentation\/cryptosporidiosis-nndss-summary-report-for-2019.html"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.063","article-title":"Disposable swim diaper retention of Cryptosporidium-sized particles on human subjects in a recreational water setting.","volume":"9","author":"Amburgey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R9","first-page":"8","article-title":"Nonhygienic behavior, knowledge, and attitudes among interactive splash park visitors.","volume":"73","author":"Nett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R10","first-page":"8","article-title":"Water quality survey of splash pads after a waterborne salmonellosis outbreak\u2014Tennessee, 2014.","volume":"79","author":"Clayton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010000230103","article-title":"Assessment of enteric pathogen shedding by bathers during recreational activity and its impact on water quality.","volume":"2","author":"Gerba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quant Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.255","article-title":"Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers.","volume":"15","author":"Dufour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R13","first-page":"36","article-title":"Association between swimming pool operator certification and reduced pool chemistry violations\u2014Nebraska, 2005\u20132006.","volume":"71","author":"Buss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2008.068","article-title":"Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under chlorinated recreational water conditions.","volume":"6","author":"Shields","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7348","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00962","article-title":"Effect of cyanuric acid on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under hyperchlorination conditions.","volume":"49","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000813","article-title":"Preventing community-wide transmission of Cryptosporidium: a proactive public health response to a swimming pool\u2013associated outbreak\u2014Auglaize County, Ohio, USA.","volume":"143","author":"Cope","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.11.009","article-title":"The response of Cryptosporidium parvum to UV light.","volume":"21","author":"Rochelle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1-202412031030-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00092-1","article-title":"Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine.","volume":"36","author":"Corona-Vasquez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res"}],"container-title":["MMWR. Surveillance Summaries"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T16:04:35Z","timestamp":1733241875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/73\/ss\/ss7308a1.htm?s_cid=ss7308a1_w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7308a1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-0738","1545-8636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-8636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}}}