{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:12:03Z","timestamp":1790021523165,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Codon Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergol Immunopathol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with primary antibody deficiencies, such as Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), have some problems to assess immune response after coronavirus disease (COVID) vaccination. Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) has the potential to be used as a useful, simple, and cheaper tool to assess T-cell (T lymphocyte) function.\nMethods: Seventeen patients with CVID, a rare disease, received two doses of the mRNA-based Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Humoral Immune Response (HIR) was determined by measuring specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, and Cellular Immune Response (CIR) was evaluated using an\u00a0ex vivo\u00a0interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) and\u00a0in vivo\u00a0by DTH skin test.\nResults: Two weeks after the second dose of the vaccine, 12 out of 17 CVID patients have high optical density (OD) ratios of specific anti-spike protein (S) IgG whereas five patients were negative or low.\u00a0Ex vivo\u00a0CIR was considered positive in 14 out of 17 S1-stimulated patients. Unspecific stimulation was positive in all 17 patients showing no T-cell defect. A positive DTH skin test was observed in 16 CVID patients. The only patient with negative DTH also had negative\u00a0ex vivo\u00a0CIR.\nConclusions: The use of DTH to evaluate CIR was validated with an optimal correlation with the\u00a0ex vivo\u00a0CIR. The CIR after vaccination in patients with antibody deficiencies seems to have high precision and more sensitivity to antibodies-based methods in CVID.\nClinical Implications: There is a remarkable correlation between cutaneous DTH and\u00a0ex vivo\u00a0IGRA after COVID vaccination. A COVID-specific skin DTH test could be implemented in large populations.\nCapsule Summary: Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity has the potential to be used as a useful, simple, and cheaper tool to assess T-cell functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v50i3.583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T15:31:43Z","timestamp":1651505503000},"page":"101-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Easy approach to detect cell immunity to COVID vaccines in common variable immunodeficiency patients"],"prefix":"10.15586","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Yvelise","family":"Barrios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Alava-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cuesta-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Matheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6228","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"container-title":["Allergologia et Immunopathologia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/all-imm.com\/index.php\/aei\/article\/download\/583\/849","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/all-imm.com\/index.php\/aei\/article\/download\/583\/850","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/all-imm.com\/index.php\/aei\/article\/download\/583\/851","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/all-imm.com\/index.php\/aei\/article\/download\/583\/849","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T15:32:57Z","timestamp":1651764777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/all-imm.com\/index.php\/aei\/article\/view\/583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15586\/aei.v50i3.583","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}}}