{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:41:39Z","timestamp":1780080099601,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin is the outer-most tissue of the human body. As a result, people are very aware of, and very sensitive to, the appearance of their skin. Consequently, skin appearance has been a subject of great interest in various fields of science and technology. In particular, research on skin appearance has been intensely pursued in the fields of computer graphics, computer vision, cosmetology, and medicine. In this survey, we review the most prominent results related to skin in these fields and show how these seemingly disconnected studies are related to one another. In each of the fields, the optical behaviors of specific skin components have been studied from the viewpoint of the specific objectives of the field. However, the different components of skin produce different types of optical phenomena that are determined by their physio-anatomical characteristics (sizes, shapes, and functions of the components). The final appearance of skin has contributions from complex optical interactions of many different skin components with light. In order to view these interactions in a unified manner, we describe and categorize past works based on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of the various skin components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/0600000013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,27]],"date-time":"2007-11-27T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1196161891000},"page":"1-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["The Appearance of Human Skin: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Takanori","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Care Research Laboratory, Kao Corporation , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko","family":"Nishino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shree K.","family":"Nayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University , New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref001","volume-title":"Milady\u2019s Standard: Textbook of Cosmetology","author":"Adams Media Corporation Staff","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04874.x","article-title":"Age-related changes in skin wrinkles assessed by a novel three-dimensional morphometric analysis","volume":"147","author":"Akazaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref003","first-page":"601","volume-title":"Essential Cell Biology","author":"Alberts","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref004","first-page":"8","article-title":"Reflectance spectroscopic analysis of selected experimental dermatological models","volume":"3","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Skin Research and Technology"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680060074007","article-title":"Polarized light examination and photography of the skin","volume":"127","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives in Dermatology"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12479191","article-title":"The optics of human skin","volume":"77","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref007","volume-title":"The Science of Photomedicine, Optical Properties of Human Skin","author":"Anderson","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref008","volume-title":"The reflectance spectrum of human 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Technology"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80740-4","article-title":"Contribution of the mitochondrial compartment to the optical properties of the rat liver: A theoretical and practical approach","volume":"67","author":"Beauvoit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006855716742","article-title":"Time-resolved spectroscopy of mitochondria, cells and tissues under normal and pathological conditions","volume":"184","author":"Beauvoit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/3\/002","article-title":"The spatial variation of the refractive index in biological cells","volume":"41","author":"Beuthan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physics in 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G.\n              Cula\n            , K. J.Dana, F. P.Murphy, and B. K.Rao, Skin Texture Database at Rutgers University. http:\/\/www.caip.rutgers.edu\/rutgers_texture\/cvg\/index.html."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026040607042362000_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.836520","article-title":"Bidirectional imaging and modeling of skin texture","volume":"51","author":"Cula","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026040607042362000_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000046591.79973.6f","article-title":"Skin texture modeling","volume":"62","author":"Cula","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref038","unstructured":"K.\n              Dana\n            , B.Ginneken, S.Nayar, and J.Koenderink, Columbia-Utrecht Reflectance and Texture (CuReT) Database. 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Migration"},{"key":"2026040607042362000_ref082","unstructured":"S. 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