{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:29:53Z","timestamp":1790486993230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This tutorial describes the geometry and algorithms for generating line drawings from 3D models, focusing on occluding contours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The geometry of occluding contours on meshes and on smooth surfaces is described in detail, together with algorithms for extracting contours, computing their visibility, and creating stylized renderings and animations. Exact methods and hardware-accelerated fast methods are both described, and the trade-offs between different methods are discussed. The tutorial brings together and organizes material that, at present, is scattered throughout the literature. It also includes some novel explanations, and implementation tips.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A thorough survey of the field of non-photorealistic 3D rendering is also included, covering other kinds of line drawings and artistic shading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/0600000075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T10:23:50Z","timestamp":1568197430000},"page":"1-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Line Drawings from 3D Models"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"B\u00e9nard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LaBRI \u2013 Inria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Hertzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adobe Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1145\/1186562.1015764","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers. SIGGRAPH \u201904","author":"Agarwala","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref002","unstructured":"St-Amour, J.-F.\n          \n          2010. \u201cThe Illustrative Rendering of Prince of Persia\u201d. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Courses. url: http:\/\/www.cs.williams.edu\/~morgan\/SRG10."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1145\/800196.806007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1967 22Nd National Conference. ACM \u201967","author":"Appel","year":"1967"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2732197","article-title":"A Survey on Implicit Surface Polygonization","volume":"47","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520351271","volume-title":"Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye","author":"Arnheim","year":"1974","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref006","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium. SBIM \u201910","author":"Asente","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1145\/1124728.1124749","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201906","author":"Barla","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1145\/987657.987665","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, NPAR","author":"Baxter","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12729","article-title":"Line-Drawing Video Stylization","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Ben-Zvi","year":"2015"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026032614480025300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.02075.x","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Report on Temporal Coherence for Stylized Animations","volume":"30","author":"B\u00e9nard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1145\/1809939.1809950","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201910","author":"B\u00e9nard","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461929","article-title":"Stylizing Animation by Example","volume":"32","author":"B\u00e9nard","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032614480025300_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2558307","article-title":"Computing Smooth Surface Contours with Accurate Topology","volume":"33","author":"B\u00e9nard","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref014","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201912","author":"B\u00e9nard","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCGA.1999.803349","article-title":"Output sensitive extraction of silhouettes from polygonal geometry","volume-title":"Computer Graphics and Applications, 1999. Proceedings. Seventh Pacific Conference on","author":"Benichou","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref016","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th High-Performance Graphics Conference","author":"Benthin","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026032614480025300_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1979.1675432","article-title":"Algorithms for Reporting and Counting Geometric Intersections","volume":"C-28","author":"Bentley","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computers"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/VisSym\/EuroVis06\/299-306","volume-title":"Eurographics \/IEEE VGTC Symposium on Visualization","author":"Bigler","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref019","unstructured":"BlenderNPR\n          . 2015a. \u201cEdge node V1.2.4\u201d. http:\/\/blendernpr.org\/edge-node-v1-2-4-july-2015\/."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref020","unstructured":"BlenderNPR\n          . 2015b. \u201cSolidify modifier Contour\/Outline\u201d. http:\/\/blendernpr.org\/solidify-modifier-contouroutline\/."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/800248.807364","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201978","author":"Blinn","year":"1978"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2015.05.001","article-title":"A graph-based method for fitting planar B-spline curves with intersections","volume":"3","author":"Bo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref023","volume-title":"MA thesis","author":"Bourdev","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00691","article-title":"Shadow Volumes on Programmable Graphics Hardware","volume":"22","author":"Brabec","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref025","article-title":"Rapid Approximate Silhouette Rendering of Implicit Surfaces","volume-title":"Proceesings of Implicit Surfaces 98","author":"Bremer","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276402","article-title":"Dynamic 2D Patterns for Shading 3D Scenes","volume":"26","author":"Breslav","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024690","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201911","author":"Buchholz","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073222","article-title":"Line Drawings from Volume Data","volume":"24","author":"Burns","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032614480025300_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-007-0192-x","article-title":"Particle-based non-photorealistic volume visualization","volume":"24","author":"Busking","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10867651.1998.10487494","article-title":"Directed Edges \u2014 A Scalable Representation for Triangle Meshes","volume":"3","author":"Campagna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Graphics Tools"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref031","first-page":"319","volume-title":"In Direct3D ShaderX, Wordware","author":"Card","year":"2002"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032614480025300_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13011","article-title":"Temporally Coherent and Artistically Intended Stylization of Feature Lines Extracted from 3D Models","volume":"35","author":"Cardona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref033","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201915","author":"Cardona","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032614480025300_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(78)90110-0","article-title":"Recursively generated B-spline surfaces on arbitrary topological meshes","volume":"10","author":"Catmull","year":"1978","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCID.2015.201","article-title":"Real-Time Artistic Silhouettes Rendering for 3D Models","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"8th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032614480025300_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818066","article-title":"Wetbrush: GPU-based 3D Painting Simulation at the Bristle Level","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/1572614.1572616","volume-title":"NPAR \u201909: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering","author":"Choudhury","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref038","volume-title":"Visual Motion of Curves and Surfaces","author":"Cipolla","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref039","unstructured":"Cole, F., M.Burns, K.Morley, A.Finkelstein, and P.B\u00e9nard. 2010. \u201cdpix\u201d. https:\/\/gfx.cs.princeton.edu\/proj\/dpix\/, fork: https:\/\/github.com\/benardp\/dpix."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/1377980.1377985","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201908","author":"Cole","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032614480025300_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.102","article-title":"Two Fast Methods for High-Quality Line Visibility","volume":"16","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360687","article-title":"Where Do People Draw Lines?","volume":"27","author":"Cole","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref043","unstructured":"Cole, F., S.Rusinkiewicz, and D.DeCarlo. 2011. \u201cqrts, a port of the original \u201crtsc\u201d software\u201d. https:\/\/github.com\/benardp\/qrtsc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531334","article-title":"How Well Do Line Drawings Depict Shape?","volume":"28","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref045","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2013 courses. SIGGRAPH \u201913","author":"Crane","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00538","article-title":"Fast Visualization of Object Contours by Non-Photorealistic Volume Rendering","volume":"20","author":"Cs\u00e9bfalvi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1145\/281388.281913","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 98 Electronic Art and Animation Catalog. SIGGRAPH \u201998","author":"Curtis","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258896","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201997","author":"Curtis","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8291 - 8291","DOI":"10.1117\/12.916463","article-title":"Depicting 3D shape using lines","volume":"8291","author":"DeCarlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/987657.987661","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201904","author":"DeCarlo","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882354","article-title":"Suggestive Contours for Conveying Shape","volume":"22","author":"DeCarlo","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1145\/1274871.1274881","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201907","author":"DeCarlo","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref053","volume-title":"Research Report","author":"Decaudin","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344792","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201900","author":"Deussen","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1145\/88560.88575","article-title":"Contour Tracing by Piecewise Linear Approximations","volume":"9","author":"Dobkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/91385.91422","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1990 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics. I3D \u201990","author":"Dooley","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.2000.885694","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization \u201900. VIS \u201900","author":"Ebert","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531389","article-title":"A Visibility Algorithm for Converting 3D Meshes into Editable 2D Vector Graphics","volume":"28","author":"Eisemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01258.x","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth Eurographics Conference on Rendering. EGSR \u201908","author":"Eisemann","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.466718","article-title":"Line Art Rendering via a Coverage of Isoparametric Curves","volume":"1","author":"Elber","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032614480025300_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01898406","article-title":"Line illustrations \u2208 Computer Graphics","volume":"11","author":"Elber","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.675655","article-title":"Line art illustrations of parametric and implicit forms","volume":"4","author":"Elber","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref063","unstructured":"Elber, G.\n          \n          2018. \u201cThe IRIT Modeling Environment\u201d. http:\/\/www.cs. technion.ac.il\/~irit\/."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1145\/97879.97890","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201990","author":"Elber","year":"1990"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026032614480025300_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-006-0065-8","article-title":"Probabilistic silhouette based importance toward line-art non-photorealistic rendering","volume":"22","author":"Elber","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/376957.376958","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications. SMA \u201901","author":"Elber","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-63460-6_119","volume-title":"Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, CAIP \u201997","author":"Farid","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925946","article-title":"Fidelity vs. Simplicity: A Global Approach to Line Drawing Vectorization","volume":"35","author":"Favreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925948","article-title":"StyLit: Illumination-guided Example-based Stylization of 3D Renderings","volume":"35","author":"Fi\u0161er","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17283-0","volume-title":"CGAL Arrangements and Their Applications: A Step-by-Step Guide","author":"Fogel","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2005.00851.x","article-title":"Pen-and-Ink for BlobTree Implicit Models","volume":"24","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCSE.2007.014465","article-title":"Polygonal Silhouette Error Correction: a Reverse Subdivision Approach","volume":"3","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1145\/800250.807481","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201980","author":"Fuchs","year":"1980"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1145\/74333.74369","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201989","author":"Gangnet","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026032614480025300_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2012.11. 003","article-title":"Interactive Example-based Hatching","volume":"37","author":"Gerl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers & Graphics"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1145\/1137856.1137874","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry. SCG \u201906","author":"Glisse","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref077","volume-title":"Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation","author":"Gombrich","year":"1961","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref078","volume-title":"MA thesis","author":"Gooch","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1145\/300523.300526","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1999 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics. I3D \u201999","author":"Gooch","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref080","volume-title":"Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols","author":"Goodman","year":"1968"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/1274871.1274880","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201907","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCGA.2004.1348362","article-title":"Density measure for linedrawing simplification","volume-title":"Computer Graphics and Applications, 2004. PG 2004. Proceedings. 12th Pacific Conference on","author":"Grabli","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032614480025300_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1731047.1731056","article-title":"Programmable Rendering of Line Drawing from 3D Scenes","volume":"29","author":"Grabli","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1145\/146443.146452","article-title":"Modeling Pigmented Materials for Realistic Image Synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Haase","year":"1992","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1145\/97879.97902","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201990","author":"Haeberli","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref086","first-page":"47","article-title":"Single pass GPU stylized edges","volume-title":"IV Iberoamerican Symposium in Computer Graphics","author":"Hermosilla","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref087","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 99 Course Notes. Course on Non-Photorelistic Rendering","author":"Hertzmann","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1145\/1809939.1809957","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201910","author":"Hertzmann","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383295","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201901","author":"Hertzmann","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref090","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering. EGRW \u201902","author":"Hertzmann","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.345074","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201900","author":"Hertzmann","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8396(85)90025-1","article-title":"An area-oriented analytical visibility method for displaying parametrically defined tensor-product surfaces","volume":"2","author":"Hornung","year":"1985","journal-title":"Computer Aided Geometric Design"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8396(85)90022-6","article-title":"Implementation of a Divide-and-conquer Method for Intersection of Parametric Surfaces","volume":"2","author":"Houghton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Geom. Des"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192186","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201994","author":"Hsu","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref095","first-page":"667","volume-title":"GPU Gems: Programming Techniques, Tips and Tricks for Real-Time Graphics","author":"Ikits","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.1995.480795","article-title":"Enhancing transparent skin surfaces with ridge and valley lines","volume":"52\u201359","author":"Interrante","year":"1995","journal-title":"Visualization, 1995. Visualization \u201995. Proceedings., IEEE Conference on"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00584","article-title":"Stylizing silhouettes at interactive rates: From silhouette edges to silhouette strokes","volume":"21","author":"Isenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026032614480025300_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-005-0323-1","article-title":"Detail control in line drawings of 3D meshes","volume":"21","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276401","article-title":"Apparent Ridges for Line Drawing","volume":"26","author":"Judd","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref100","unstructured":"Kalnins, R. D., P. L.Davidson, and D. M.Bourguignon. 2007. \u201cJot\u201d. http:\/\/jot.cs.princeton.edu, fork: https:\/\/github.com\/benardp\/jot-lib."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882355","article-title":"Coherent Stylized Silhouettes","volume":"22","author":"Kalnins","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1145\/566570.566648","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201902","author":"Kalnins","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2077341.2077342","article-title":"Learning Hatching for Pen-and-Ink Illustration of Surfaces","volume":"31","author":"Kalogerakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graphics"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1145\/1274871.1274879","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201907","author":"Kaplan","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024683","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201911","author":"Karsch","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570","article-title":"Snakes: Active contour models","volume":"1","author":"Kass","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012387582-2\/50009-5","author":"Kaufman","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60607-6_25","volume-title":"Geometric Modeling: Theory and Practice: The State of the Art","author":"Kettner","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2005.03.009","article-title":"Fast extraction of polyhedral model silhouettes from moving viewpoint on curved trajectory","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computers & Graphics"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.2003.1250414","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS\u201903). VIS \u201903","author":"Kindlmann","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref111","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 Eurographics\/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Geometry Processing. SGP \u201903","author":"Kirsanov","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.345075","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201900","author":"Klein","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6453-2_7","article-title":"Ray Tracing of Subdivion Surfaces","volume-title":"Rendering Techniques","author":"Kobbelt","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1068\/p130321","article-title":"What does the occluding contour tell us about solid shape?","volume":"13","author":"Koenderink","year":"1984","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032614480025300_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1068\/p110129","article-title":"The shape of smooth objects and the way contours end","volume":"11","author":"Koenderink","year":"1982","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR06\/361-370","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics Conference on Rendering Techniques. EGSR \u201906","author":"Kolliopoulos","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032614480025300_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1409060.1409110","article-title":"Demarcating Curves for Shape Illustration","volume":"27","author":"Kolomenkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032614480025300_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.38.000448","article-title":"New contributions to the optics of intensely lightscattering materials. Part I","volume":"38","author":"Kubelka","year":"1948","journal-title":"Josa"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1145\/340916.340918","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201900","author":"Lake","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref120","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201915","author":"Lang","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13322","article-title":"A Survey of Surface-Based Illustrative Rendering for Visualization","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Lawonn","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276400","article-title":"Line Drawings via Abstracted Shading","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref123","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Leister","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref124","volume-title":"Introduction to Volume Rendering","author":"Lichtenbelt","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref125","volume-title":"MA thesis","author":"Loop","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1145\/37401.37422","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201987","author":"Lorensen","year":"1987"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461998","article-title":"RealBrush: Painting with Examples of Physical Media","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601190","article-title":"DecoBrush: Drawing Structured Decorative Patterns by Example","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1145\/508530.508542","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201902","author":"Lum","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00438-0","article-title":"Observer biases in the 3D interpretation of line drawings","volume":"38","author":"Mamassian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258894","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201997","author":"Markosian","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1129","key":"2026032614480025300_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1977.0080","article-title":"Analysis of occluding contour","volume":"197","author":"Marr","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1167","key":"2026032614480025300_ref133","first-page":"187","article-title":"Theory of edge detection","volume":"207","author":"Marr","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref134","first-page":"87","article-title":"daLi! - Drawing Animated Lines!","volume-title":"In Proceedings of Simulation und Animation \u201997, SCS Europe","author":"Masuch","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032614480025300_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10867651.1999.10487501","article-title":"Weights for Computing Vertex Normals from Facet Normals","volume":"4","author":"Max","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Graphics Tools"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref136","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observations on Silhouette Sizes","volume":"9","author":"McGuire","year":"2004","journal-title":"jgt"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/987657.987663","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201904","author":"McGuire","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237288","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201996","author":"Meier","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/SMI.2005.41","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications 2005. SMI \u201905","author":"Meyer","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/1274871.1274883","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201907","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref141","article-title":"Interactive Volume Illustration","volume-title":"Vision, Modeling and Visualization 2002","author":"Nagy","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1145\/1111411.1111435","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games. I3D \u201906","author":"Ni","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref143","first-page":"49","article-title":"Blueprints: Illustrating Architecture and Technical Parts Using Hardware-accelerated Non-photorealistic Rendering","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2004. GI \u201904. Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society","author":"Nienhaus","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2077341.2077347","article-title":"Feature-adaptive GPU Rendering of Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surfaces","volume":"31","author":"Nie\u00dfner","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1145\/340916.340920","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201900","author":"Northrup","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.51","article-title":"AniPaint: interactive painterly animation from video","volume":"18","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3283254.3283273","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2018 Technical Briefs. SA \u201918","author":"Ogaki","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015768","article-title":"Ridge-valley Lines on Meshes via Implicit Surface Fitting","volume":"23","author":"Ohtake","year":"2004","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2006.00946.x","article-title":"Silhouette Extraction in Hough Space","volume":"25","author":"Olson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00675","article-title":"Multi-scale Feature Extraction on Point-Sampled Surfaces","volume":"22","author":"Pauly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344936","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201900","author":"Pfister","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref152","volume-title":"Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation","author":"Pharr","year":"2016","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref153","unstructured":"Pixar\n          . 2019. \u201cOpenSubdiv\u201d. http:\/\/graphics.pixar.com\/opensubdiv."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1145\/1183287.1183288","article-title":"Computing Contour Generators of Evolving Implicit Surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Plantinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1145\/378583.378618","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry. SCG \u201901","author":"Pop","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383328","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201901","author":"Praun","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref157","first-page":"228","article-title":"Tuning rendered line-drawings","volume-title":"WSCG\u201995","author":"Preim","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/383507.383525","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics Hardware. HWWS \u201901","author":"Raskar","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1145\/300523.300539","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1999 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics. I3D \u201999","author":"Raskar","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref160","unstructured":"Rideout, P.\n          \n          2010. \u201cSilhouette Extraction\u201d. http:\/\/prideout.net\/blog\/?p=54."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref161","volume-title":"PhD thesis","author":"Roberts","year":"1963"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref162","unstructured":"Roettger, S.\n          \n          2012. \u201cThe Volume Library\u201d. http:\/\/schorsch.efi.fh-nuernberg.de\/data\/volume\/."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4519-6","volume-title":"Image and Video-Based Artistic Stylisation","author":"Rosin","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2312\/EGGH\/EGGH92\/188-203","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Eurographics Conference on Graphics Hardware. EGGH\u201992","author":"Rossignac","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/3DPVT.2004.54","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission, 2Nd International Symposium. 3DPVT \u201904","author":"Rusinkiewicz","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1401132.1401188","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 Classes. SIGGRAPH \u201908","author":"Rusinkiewicz","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref167","unstructured":"Sabiston, B.\n          \n          2001. \u201cWaking Life: Making Of\u201d. url: http:\/\/www.flatblackfilms.com\/Flat_Black_Films\/Rotoshop.html."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1145\/97879.97901","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201990","author":"Saito","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344935","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201900","author":"Sander","year":"2000"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032614480025300_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1409060.1409097","article-title":"Efficient Traversal of Mesh Edges Using Adjacency Primitives","volume":"27","author":"Sander","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00118","article-title":"What Line Drawings Reveal About the Visual Brain","volume":"5","author":"Sayim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-003-0230-2","article-title":"Adaptive Extraction and Visualization of Silhouette Curves from Volumetric Datasets","volume":"20","author":"Schein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis. Comput"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref173","unstructured":"Schmidt, R.\n          \n          2008. \u201cShapeShop\u201d. http:\/\/www.shapeshop3d.com\/."},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1145\/1274871.1274875","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201907","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009321","article-title":"Adaptive Precision Floating-Point Arithmetic and Fast Robust Geometric Predicates","volume":"18","author":"Shewchuk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Discrete & Computational Geometry"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref176","article-title":"Suggestive Hatching","volume-title":"Proc. Computational Aesthetics","author":"Singh","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref177","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2001. GI \u201901","author":"Sloan","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00340","article-title":"Computer-Generated Graphite Pencil Rendering of 3D Polygonal Models","volume":"18","author":"Sousa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00685","article-title":"A Few Good Lines: Suggestive Drawing of 3D Models","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Sousa","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref180","article-title":"Evaluation of Loop Subdivision Surfaces","author":"Stam","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280945","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201998","author":"Stam","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref182","volume-title":"GPU Gems 3","author":"Stich","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref183","unstructured":"Stroila, M., E.Bachta, W.Jarosz, W.Su, and J.Hart. 2011. \u201cWickbert\u201d. fork: https:\/\/github.com\/benardp\/Wickbert."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.1058","article-title":"Clip Art Rendering of Smooth Isosurfaces","volume":"14","author":"Stroila","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref185","first-page":"69","article-title":"Direct Ray Tracing of Full-Featured Subdivision Surfaces with Bezier Clipping","volume":"4","author":"Tejima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques (JCGT)"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref186","unstructured":"Thibault, A. and S.Cavanaugh. 2010. \u201cMaking Concept Art Real for Borderlands\u201d. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Courses. url: http:\/\/www.cs.williams.edu\/~morgan\/SRG10."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032614480025300_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1006\/gmip.1996.0042","article-title":"The 3D Marching Lines Algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Thirion","year":"1996","journal-title":"Graphical Models and Image Processing"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024693","article-title":"Dynamic Stylized Shading Primitives","volume-title":"NPAR \u201911:Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering","author":"Vanderhaeghe","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12982","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Geometry Processing. SGP\u201916","author":"V\u00e1\u0161a","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032614480025300_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01892.x","article-title":"Implicit Brushes for Stylized Line-based Rendering","volume":"30","author":"Vergne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/508530.508540","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2Nd International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201902","author":"Webb","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026032614480025300_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1145\/357332.357335","article-title":"Improved Computational Methods for Ray Tracing","volume":"3","author":"Weghorst","year":"1984","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032614480025300_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1145\/321328.321330","article-title":"BE VISION, A Package of IBM 7090 FORTRAN Programs to Draw Orthographic Views of Combinations of Plane and Quadric Surfaces","volume":"13","author":"Weiss","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2343045.2343071","volume-title":"Proc. SIGGRAPH Talks","author":"Whited","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref195","volume-title":"Art and Representation: New Princples in the Analysis of Pictures","author":"Willats","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032614480025300_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10516-004-5449-7","article-title":"Defining pictorial style: Lessons from linguistics and computer graphics","volume":"15","author":"Willats","year":"2005","journal-title":"Axiomathes"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1145\/987657.987674","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering. NPAR \u201904","author":"Wilson","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192184","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201994","author":"Winkenbach","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237287","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201996","author":"Winkenbach","year":"1996"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032614480025300_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2012.03.004","article-title":"XDoG: An eXtended difference-of-Gaussians compendium including advanced image stylization","volume":"36","author":"Winnem\u00f6ller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers & Graphics"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192227","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201994","author":"Witkin","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032614480025300_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.70538","article-title":"An Effective Illustrative Visualization Framework Based on Photic Extremum Lines (PELs)","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2312\/SPBG\/SPBG04\/013-018","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First Eurographics Conference on Point-Based Graphics. SPBG\u201904","author":"Xu","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1145\/800249.807443","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. SIGGRAPH \u201979","author":"Yessios","year":"1979"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1109\/PG.2007.24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. PG \u201907","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1145\/1507149.1507170","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games. I3D \u201909","author":"Zhang","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1145\/2556700.2556703","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Meeting of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games. I3D \u201914","author":"Zhang","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032614480025300_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmod.2012.03.006","article-title":"Efficient and robust 3D line drawings using difference-of-Gaussian","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graphical Models"},{"key":"2026032614480025300_ref209","unstructured":"Zorin, D. and P.Schr\u00f6der. 2000. \u201cSubdivision for Modeling and Animation\u201d. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2000 Courses. url: https:\/\/mrl.nyu.edu\/publications\/subdiv-course2000\/."}],"container-title":["Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Computer Graphics and Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftcgv\/article-pdf\/11\/1-2\/1\/10900818\/0600000075en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftcgv\/article-pdf\/11\/1-2\/1\/10900818\/0600000075en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:09:09Z","timestamp":1777471749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftcgv\/article\/11\/1-2\/1\/1320815\/Line-Drawings-from-3D-ModelsA-Tutorial"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"references-count":209,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/0600000075","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-2740","1572-2759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-2740","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-2759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]}}}