{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T22:57:34Z","timestamp":1777762654404,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Privacy policies are unsatisfactory in communicating information to users. Social networking sites (SNS) exemplify this, attracting growing concerns regarding their use of personal data, whilst lacking incentives to improve their policies. Standardization addresses many of these issues, but is only possible if policies share attributes that can be standardized. This investigation assessed the similarity of two attributes (the clauses and the coverage of forty recommendations made by the UK Information Commissioner) between the privacy policies of the six most frequently visited SNS globally. Similarity was also investigated by looking at whether any recommendations were not addressed by all SNS and if there were any themes of information discussed in the policies, but not included in the ICO Code. We found that similarity in the clauses was low, yet similarity in the recommendations covered was high. This indicates that SNS use different clauses, but to convey similar information. There were a number of recommendations which none of the SNS addressed. There were also four themes of information which all six SNS addressed, which were not recommended in the ICO Code. This paper proposes the policies of SNS already share attributes, indicating the feasibility of standardization at a thematic level currently. Five recommendations are made to begin facilitating this.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/106.00000006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T05:07:15Z","timestamp":1470719235000},"page":"31-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Extended Investigation of the Similarity Between Privacy Policies of Social Networking Sites as a Precursor for Standardization"],"prefix":"10.1561","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Cradock","family":"Emma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Millard","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stalla-Bourdillon","family":"Sophie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref001","first-page":"298","volume-title":"\u201cFinding Related Sentences in Multiple Documents for Multidocument Discourse Parsing of Brazilian Portuguese Texts.\u201d Anais do VI Workshop em Tecnologia da Informa\u00e7\u00e2o e da Linguagem Humana - TIL(Oct.)","author":"Aleixo","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref002","unstructured":"Alexa.\n          \n          2014. \u201cActionable Analytics for the Web.\u201dhttp:\/\/www. alexa.com. (Accessed on 08\/01\/2014)."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026040606361604500_ref003","first-page":"245","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"\u201cA privacy wake-up call for social networking sites.\u201d Ent. L. R."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref004","first-page":"42","volume-title":"British National Conference on Databases","author":"Barker","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref005","volume-title":"2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","author":"Becker","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref006","volume-title":"Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development","author":"Boyatzis","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040606361604500_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"\u201c Using thematic analysis in psychology\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative research in psychology"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref008","volume-title":"\u201cData Protection Act 1998.\u201d","author":"Britain","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref009","unstructured":"Center., E. P. 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T.\n          \n          2000. \u201cPrivacy Online: Fair Information Practices in the Electronic Marketplace.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ftc. gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/reports\/privacy-online- fair- information- practices- electronic- marketplace- federaltrade - commission - report \/ privacy2000 .pdf. (Accessed on 01\/29\/2016)."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref013","unstructured":"Commission., F. T.\n          \n          2010. \u201cProtecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change: A Proposed Framework for Businesses and Policymakers.\u201dhttps : \/ \/ www . ftc . gov \/ sites \/ default\/files\/documents\/reports\/federal-trade-commission- bureau- consumer- protection- preliminary- ftc- staff- reportprotecting- consumer\/ 101201privacyreport.pdf. (Accessed on 01\/29\/2016)."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref014","unstructured":"Consulting., S. 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Economy. 2014. \u201cProtecting Privacy in a Data-driven Economy: Taking Stock of Current Thinking.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.oecd.org\/officialdocuments\/publicdisplaydocumentpdf\/?cote=dsti\/iccp\/reg(2014)3en.(Accessed on 06\/23\/2015)."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref019","unstructured":"Facebook\n          . 2013. \u201cData Use Policy.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.facebook.com\/privacy\/explanation.(Accessed on 08\/01\/2014."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref020","unstructured":"Flickr\n          . 2015. \u201cThank You, Flickr Community.\u201dhttp:\/\/blog.flickr.net\/en\/2015\/06\/10\/thank-you-flickr- community\/.(Accessed on 01\/02\/2016)."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref021","volume-title":"\u201cTheoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. 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Community.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/intl\/en\/policies\/privacy\/archive\/20140331\/.(Accessed on 01\/02\/2016)."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026040606361604500_ref024","article-title":"\u201c Facebook privacy settings: Who cares?\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Hargittai","year":"2010","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040606361604500_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/bld.12001","article-title":"\u201cThe experiences of people with learning disabilities on social networking sites.\u201d","volume":"42","author":"Holmes,","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040606361604500_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1912.tb05611.x","article-title":"\u201c The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone.\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Jaccard","year":"1912","journal-title":"New phytologist"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref027","unstructured":"LinkedIn\n          . 2014. \u201cYour Privacy Matters.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/legal\/privacy-policy?trk=uno-reg-guest-home-privacy-policy. 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(Accessed on 08\/01\/2014)."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref034","volume-title":"\u201cOxford English Mini Dictionary.\u201d","author":"Press","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref035","volume-title":"Information Commissioner\u2019s Office","author":"Robinson","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref036","volume-title":"Information Technology Law. 4th Ed.","author":"Rowland","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040606361604500_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X02239569","article-title":"\u201cTechniques to identify themes.\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Field methods"},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref038","unstructured":"Schwartz, A.\n          \n          2009. \u201cLooking back at P3P: lessons for the future.\u201dCenter for Democracy & Technology,  https:\/\/www. cdt. org\/files\/pdfs\/P3P_Retro_Final_0. pdf."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref039","unstructured":"Securities and E. 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Acar.\n          2015. \u201cFrom social media service to advertising network: a critical analysis of Facebook\u2019s Revised Policies and Terms.\u201d (Accessed on 02\/02\/2016)."},{"key":"2026040606361604500_ref044","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 EDBT\/ICDT Workshops. 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