{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:24:22Z","timestamp":1791433462747,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2-3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Highlighting techniques are a diverse class of visual communication techniques that make users aware of salient information in a timely manner. Any visual effect can potentially be used and manipulated to create highlighting effects given the right context, making the design space for highlighting techniques broad and rich. Although highlighting techniques are a common and important part of user interfaces, there is a lack of understanding about how to select, apply, and control their effects for achieving the best results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To address this knowledge gap, we present a new structured design framework \u2013 Parametric Control and Construction of Highlights (PCCH) \u2013 for describing highlighting techniques in a concise and objective way, using parameters to accurately specify highlighting technique configurations. We then review the current understanding of highlighting techniques, their effects, and prior methods of measuring those effects. We also review underlying human factors that affect how users interact with highlighting techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T09:21:04Z","timestamp":1637659264000},"page":"96-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design Framework for Interactive Highlighting Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985727","article-title":"If Not Now, When?: The Effects of Interruption at Different Moments Within Task Execution","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201904)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref002","unstructured":"Adelson, E. H.\n          (1995).Checkerboard Shadow Illusion.http:\/\/persci.mit.edu\/gallery\/checkershadow"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref003","unstructured":"Adobe Systems\n          (1998).Adobe RGB (1998) Color Image Encoding.http:\/\/www.adobe.com\/digitalimag\/adobergb.html"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481418","article-title":"Leading People to Longer Queries","author":"Agapie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518957","article-title":"Revisiting read wear: analysis, design, and evaluation of a footprints scrollbar","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201909)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702322","article-title":"How Polymorphic Warnings Reduce Habituation in the Brain: Insights from an fMRI Study","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201915)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2352\/CIC.1996.4.1.art00061","article-title":"Proposal For A Standard Default Color Space For The Internet sRGB","volume":"1996","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Color and Imaging Conference"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref008","unstructured":"Apple\n          (2018).Remove Apps from Home Screen (iOS 12).https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-gb\/guide\/iphone\/iph248b543ca\/12.0\/ios\/12.0"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref009","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003a).Blinking, Flashing, and Temporal Response.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/flashing_2.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref010","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003b).Color Discrimination and Identification.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/discrim.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref011","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003c).Color Guidelines Hierarchy.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/GuidelinesHierarchy.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref012","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003d).Creating Perceptual Layers.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/Percept_layers_1.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref013","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003e).Designing With Blue.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/blue_2.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref014","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003f).Designing with Luminance Contrast.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/design_lum_0.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref015","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003g).Guidelines for Color Discrimination and Identification.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/guidelines_discrim_id.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref016","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003h).Labelling with Color.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/labeling.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref017","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003i).Legibility.http:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/legib_1.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref018","unstructured":"Arend, L.,Logan, A.,&Havin, G.(2003j).Luminance and Chromaticity.https:\/\/colorusage.arc.nasa.gov\/lum_and_chrom.php.NASA AMES, Color Usage Research Lab"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref019","unstructured":"Atwood, J.\n          (2014).Complaint Driven Design.http:\/\/www.codinghorror.com\/blog\/2014\/02\/complaint-driven-development.html"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref020","unstructured":"Autodesk\n          (2015).What\u2019s New: Highlight What\u2019s New | Maya.https:\/\/knowledge.autodesk.com\/support\/maya\/learn-explore\/caas\/CloudHelp\/cloudhelp\/2015\/ENU\/Maya\/files\/GUID-84AF4FA6-BE21-4F4E-ACCF-7AD005E13EBF-htm.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.12.009","article-title":"On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state","volume":"22","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref022","volume-title":"PhD thesis","author":"Bartram","year":"2001"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040213480917200_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00021-1","article-title":"Moticons: Detection, Distraction and Task","volume":"58","author":"Bartram","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1145\/1008653.1008691","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST \u201903)","author":"Beeharee","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref025","article-title":"Banner Blindness: Web Searchers Often Miss \u201cObvious\u201d Links","author":"Benway","year":"1998","journal-title":"Internetworking: ITG Newsletter,1.3"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/9.4.24","article-title":"A crowding model of visual clutter","volume":"9","author":"van den Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1402256.1402259","article-title":"Improved search engines and navigation preference in personal information management","volume":"26","author":"Bergman","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwu018","article-title":"Spotting the Latest Version of a File with Old\u2019nGray","author":"Bergman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040213480917200_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-012-0544-z","article-title":"The use of attention resources in navigation versus search","volume":"17","author":"Bergman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personal and Ubiquitous Computing"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026040213480917200_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.v61:12","article-title":"The effect of folder structure on personal file navigation","volume":"61","author":"Bergman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref031","author":"Bertin","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0401_1","article-title":"Earcons and Icons: Their Structure and Common Design Principles","volume":"4","author":"Blattner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref033","author":"Boff","year":"1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.89","article-title":"State-of-the-art in visual attention modeling","volume":"35","author":"Borji","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026040213480917200_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.234","article-title":"What Makes a Visualization Memorable?","volume":"19","author":"Borkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/226177a0","article-title":"Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition","volume":"226","author":"Bouma","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref037","article-title":"Texmaker\u2013 The Universal LaTeX Editor","author":"Brachet","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986008","article-title":"Banner Ads Hinder Visual Search and Are Forgotten","author":"Burke","year":"2004","journal-title":"CHI \u201904 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201904)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref039","article-title":"The Model Human Processor: An engineering model of human performance","volume":"2","author":"Card","year":"1986","journal-title":"Handbook of Human Perception"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref040","author":"Carpendale","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref041","article-title":"Animation: From Cartoons to the User Interface","author":"Chang","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref042","article-title":"Device, method, and graphical user interface for managing folders","author":"Chaudhri","year":"2013","journal-title":"U.S. Patent 8423911"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866068","article-title":"Designing adaptive feedback for improving data entry accuracy","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753427","article-title":"Using text animated transitions to support navigation in document histories","author":"Chevalier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142817","article-title":"Value Bars: An information visualization and navigation tool for multi-attribute listings","author":"Chimera","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240723","article-title":"A Predictive Model of Menu Performance","author":"Cockburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201907)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref047","unstructured":"Colour Blind Awareness CIC\n              (2010).    Colour Blindness.    https:\/\/www.colourblindawareness.org\/colour-blindness\/"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref048","first-page":"263","article-title":"Notification, Disruption, and Memory: Effects of Messaging Interruptions on Memory and Performance","author":"Cutrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction \u2013 INTERACT \u201901"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026040213480917200_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.08.005","article-title":"Colour Appeal in Website Design Within and Across Cultures: A Multi-method Evaluation","volume":"68","author":"Cyr","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979405","article-title":"Why Do I Keep Interrupting Myself?: Environment, Habit and Self-interruption","author":"Dabbish","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201911)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208606","article-title":"The Case of the Missed Icon: Change Blindness on Mobile Devices","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201912)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979233","article-title":"Temporal Distortion for Animated Transitions","author":"Dragicevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201911)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1145\/2047196.2047229","article-title":"Gliimpse: Animating from markup code to rendered documents and vice versa","author":"Dragicevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTIC.2003.1191310","article-title":"The Hapticon Editor: A Tool in Support of Haptic Communication Research","author":"Enriquez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS \u201903)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518956","article-title":"Ephemeral Adaptation: The use of gradual onset to improve menu selection performance","author":"Findlater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref056","author":"Fitchett","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481323","article-title":"Improving navigation-based file retrieval","author":"Fitchett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1145\/1057237.1057243","article-title":"Predicting Human Interruptibility with Sensors","volume":"12","author":"Fogarty","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref059","first-page":"1174","author":"Foley","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5220\/0005674002570268","article-title":"Highlighting Techniques for Real Entities in Augmented Reality","author":"Fuchs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP 2016)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/22627.22342","article-title":"Generalized Fisheye Views","author":"Furnas","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201986)"},{"issue":"215","key":"2026040213480917200_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00215","article-title":"Three-dimensional reach trajectories as a probe of real-time decision-making between multiple competing targets","volume":"8","author":"Gallivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025595","article-title":"IconHK: Using Toolbar Button Icons to Communicate Keyboard Shortcuts","author":"Giannisakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201917)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240631","article-title":"Matching Attentional Draw with Utility in Interruption","author":"Gluck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201907)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref065","unstructured":"Google\n              (2016).    Material Design.    https:\/\/material.io\/guidelines\/"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref066","unstructured":"Google\n              (2017).    Chrome Web Browser.    http:\/\/www.google.com\/chrome"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref067","unstructured":"Google\n              (2018).    Picasa.    https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/Picasa39Setup2"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240865","article-title":"Strategies for accelerating on-line learning of hotkeys","author":"Grossman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025984","article-title":"Peripheral Popout: The Influence of Visual Angle and Stimulus Intensity on Popout Effects","author":"Gutwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201917)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040213480917200_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12936","article-title":"Formalizing Emphasis in Information Visualization","volume":"35","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208296","article-title":"Unlocking the expressivity of point lights","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979232","article-title":"Kineticons: Using iconographic motion in graphical user interface design","author":"Harrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref073","first-page":"87","article-title":"Measuring colorfulness in natural images","author":"Hasler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electronic Imaging 2003"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142751","article-title":"Edit wear and read wear","author":"Hill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201992)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref075","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Attention","author":"Hoffman","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753647","article-title":"Knowing Where and When to Look in a Time-critical Multimodal Dual Task","author":"Hornof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201910)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33720-9_40","volume-title":"Advances in Visual Computing","author":"Horst","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1145\/168642.168648","article-title":"Animation support in a user interface toolkit: Flexible, robust, and reusable abstractions","author":"Hudson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1145\/1056808.1056948","article-title":"Investigating the Effectiveness of Mental Workload As a Predictor of Opportune Moments for Interruption","author":"Iqbal","year":"2005","journal-title":"CHI \u201905 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201905)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref080","first-page":"64","article-title":"Realistic avatar eye and head animation using a neurobiological model of visual attention","author":"Itti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optical Science and Technology, SPIE\u2019s 48th Annual Meeting"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026040213480917200_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00163-7","article-title":"A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention","volume":"40","author":"Itti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040213480917200_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1145\/2978577","article-title":"What You Look At Is What You Get: Gaze-Based User Interfaces","volume":"28","author":"Jacob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref083","first-page":"284","article-title":"Tree-Maps: a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Visualization \u201991 (VIS \u201991)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref084","author":"Johnson","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref085","author":"Johnson","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref086","author":"Kahneman","year":"1973"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2889433","article-title":"SKUID: Sketching Stylized Animated Drawings with Motion Amplifiers","author":"Kazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201916)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref088","unstructured":"Kerrisk, M.\n              (2017).    diff(1) \u2013 Linux manual page.          http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man1\/diff.1.html"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557324","article-title":"Towards Accurate and Practical Predictive Models of Active-Vision-based Visual Search","author":"Kieras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201914)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1145\/1085777.1085841","article-title":"Cultural Difference and Mobile Phone Interface Design: Icon Recognition According to Level of Abstraction","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services (MobileHCI \u201905)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref091","first-page":"21","article-title":"Role of Human Prefrontal Cortex in Attention Control","volume":"66","author":"Knight","year":"1995","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref092","author":"Koffka","year":"1935"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref093","author":"Krug","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37407","article-title":"Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation","volume":"21","author":"Lasseter","year":"1987","journal-title":"SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref095","unstructured":"Leung, J.\n              (2009).    Animato\u2013 An Improved Animation System for Blender.          https:\/\/wiki.blender.org\/index.php\/Dev:2.5\/Source\/Animation\/Animato"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref096","article-title":"Understanding the Noticeability and Distraction of Interactive Highlighting Techniques","author":"Leung","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2010.21","article-title":"Highlighting in information visualization: A survey","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Information Visualisation (IV), 2010 14th International Conference"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1959022.1959023","article-title":"An Exploration of Relations Between Visual Appeal, Trustworthiness and Perceived Usability of Homepages","volume":"18","author":"Lindgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040213480917200_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290500330448","article-title":"Attention web designers: You have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression!","volume":"25","author":"Lindgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref100","author":"MacEachren","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332438","article-title":"Tradeoffs in displaying peripheral information","author":"Maglio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref102","first-page":"13","article-title":"A Baseline Study of Emphasis Effects in Information Visualization","author":"Mairena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2020"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470735","article-title":"Promoting Hotkey Use Through Rehearsal with ExposeHK","author":"Malacria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1145\/1362550.1362584","article-title":"Looking but Not Seeing: Implications for HCI","author":"Mancero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics: Invent! Explore! (ECCE \u201907)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357072","article-title":"The Cost of Interrupted Work: More Speed and Stress","author":"Mark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201908)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2307\/1423259","article-title":"Aesthetic Preference: Anomalous findings for Berlyne\u2019s psychobiological theory","author":"Martindale","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979349","article-title":"Ambient Help","author":"Matejka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201911)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466442","article-title":"Patina: Dynamic Heatmaps for Visualizing Application Usage","author":"Matejka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040213480917200_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00022-3","article-title":"Establishing tradeoffs that leverage attention for utility: Empirically evaluating information display in notification systems","volume":"58","author":"McCrickard","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040213480917200_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1145\/636772.636800","article-title":"Attuning notification design to user goals and attention costs","volume":"46","author":"McCrickard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1145\/966930.966933","article-title":"A Model for Notification Systems Evaluation\u2013 Assessing User Goals for Multitasking Activity","volume":"10","author":"McCrickard","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040213480917200_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1145\/965105.807502","article-title":"Perceptual Color Spaces for Computer Graphics","volume":"14","author":"Meyer","year":"1980","journal-title":"SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref113","unstructured":"Microsoft\n              (2018a).    FlashWindow function (winuser.h).          https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winuser\/nf-winuser-flashwindow"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref114","unstructured":"Microsoft\n              (2018b).    FLASHWINFO structure.          https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winuser\/ns-winuser-flashwinfo"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026040213480917200_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.029","article-title":"Dissociable effects of salience on attention and goal-directed action","volume":"25","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10520-3_9","article-title":"Diverging Color Maps for Scientific Visualization","author":"Moreland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II (ISVC \u201909)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040213480917200_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290802332662","article-title":"Gender Differences in Website Production and Preference Aesthetics: preliminary implications for ICT in education and beyond","volume":"28","author":"Moss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref118","unstructured":"Mozilla Developer Network\n              (2015).    Frame rate\u2013 Firefox Developer Tools | MDN.          https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/en-US\/docs\/Tools\/Performance\/Frame_rate"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref119","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Peripheral Interaction: Embedding HCI in Everyday Life","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref120","author":"Norman","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref121","unstructured":"Penner, R.\n              (2001).    Robert Penner Easing Equations.          http:\/\/www.robertpenner.com\/easing\/"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref122","author":"Penner","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.468392","article-title":"Real Time Responsive Animation With Personality","volume":"1","author":"Perlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref124","article-title":"VR-Guide: A Specific User Role for Asymmetric Virtual Reality Setups in Distributed Virtual Reality Applications","author":"Peter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Workshop Virtual and Augmented Reality of the GI Group VR\/AR"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.4.643","article-title":"Information Foraging","volume":"106","author":"Pirolli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1145\/1385569.1385623","article-title":"An Investigation of Dynamic Landmarking Functions","author":"Quinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI \u201908)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref127","author":"Raskin","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/vis.4340010109","article-title":"The Menv Modelling and Animation Environment","volume":"1","author":"Reeves","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040213480917200_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1145\/1970378.1970382","article-title":"Improving Performance, Perceived Usability, and Aesthetics with Culturally Adaptive User Interfaces","volume":"18","author":"Reinecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557052","article-title":"Quantifying Visual Preferences Around the World","author":"Reinecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201914)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481281","article-title":"Predicting Users\u2019 First Impressions of Website Aesthetics with a Quantification of Perceived Visual Complexity and Colorfulness","author":"Reinecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012375731-9\/50017-3","volume-title":"Neurobiology of Attention","author":"Rensink","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040213480917200_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1145\/1870076.1870080","article-title":"Do Predictions of Visual Perception Aid Design?","volume":"8","author":"Rosenholtz","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/12.4.14","article-title":"A summary statistic representation in peripheral vision explains visual search","volume":"12","author":"Rosenholtz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040213480917200_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/7.2.17","article-title":"Measuring Visual Clutter","volume":"7","author":"Rosenholtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref136","article-title":"Understanding and Exploiting Spatial Memory in the Design of Efficient Command Selection Interfaces","author":"Scarr","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207713","article-title":"Improving command selection with CommandMaps","author":"Scarr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201912)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466430","article-title":"Testing the robustness and performance of spatially consistent interfaces","author":"Scarr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913)"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref139","unstructured":"Shaw, B.\n              (2013).    CSS3 = Awesome.          http:\/\/css3.bradshawenterprises.com\/"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref140","author":"Shreiner","year":"2009","edition":"7th"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040213480917200_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1145\/965139.807361","article-title":"Color Gamut Transform Pairs","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref142","author":"Smith","year":"1997"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040213480917200_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.13","article-title":"Peripheral vision and pattern recognition: A review","volume":"11","author":"Strasburger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref144","unstructured":"The Qt Company\n              (2016).    QEasingCurve.          http:\/\/doc.qt.io\/qt5.6\/qeasingcurve.html"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref145","unstructured":"The Qt Company\n              (2017).    QML Applications.          http:\/\/doc.qt.io\/qt-5\/qmlapplications.html"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref146","first-page":"42","article-title":"Towards a taxonomy for ambient information systems","author":"Tomitsch","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12670-3_12","volume-title":"Advances in 3D Geo-Information Sciences","author":"Trapp","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5","article-title":"A feature-integration theory of attention","volume":"12","author":"Treisman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040213480917200_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.05.007","article-title":"Determining optimum flash patterns for emergency service vehicles: An experimental investigation using high definition film","volume":"45","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.464.0669","article-title":"The internal information transformation of IBM","volume":"46","author":"Vayghan","year":"2007","journal-title":"IBM Systems Journal"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref151","unstructured":"W3C\n              (2008a).    Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 \u2014 General Flash and Red Flash Thresholds.          http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2008\/REC-WCAG20-20081211\/#general-thresholddef"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref152","unstructured":"W3C\n              (2008b).    Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 \u2014 Guideline 2.3 Seizures: Do not design content in a way that is known to cause seizures.          http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG20\/#seizure"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref153","unstructured":"W3C\n              (2011).    Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 (Second Edition) \u2014 Recognized color keyword names.          https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/SVG\/types.html#ColorKeywords"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref154","unstructured":"W3C\n              (2015).    Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 \u2014 Pause Stop Hide.          http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20\/time-limits-pause.html"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref155","author":"Ware","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319209526047","article-title":"Moving Icons As A Human Interrupt","volume":"4","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.1.VDA-483","article-title":"Multiple Independent Highlighting Techniques","volume":"2016","author":"Ware","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electronic Imaging"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref158","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Handbook of Perception and Human Performance","author":"Watson","year":"1986"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040213480917200_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.02.005","article-title":"Visual Crowding: A fundamental limit on conscious perception and object recognition","volume":"15","author":"Whitney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref160","author":"Wickens","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref161","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2015).    FCurve.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FCurve"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref162","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2016a).    Lab Color Space.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lab_color_space"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref163","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2016b).    RGB Color Space.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RGB_color_space"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref164","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2017a).    List of common resolutions.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_common_resolutions"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref165","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2017b).    Sawtooth Wave.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sawtooth_wave"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref166","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2017c).    Square Wave.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_wave"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref167","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2017d).    Triangle Wave.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triangle_wave"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref168","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2020a).    Domain Specific Language.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domain-specific_language"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref169","unstructured":"Wikipedia\n              (2020b).    Finite State Machine.          https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finite-state_machine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040213480917200_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.70589","article-title":"Scented Widgets: Improving navigation cues with embedded visualizations","volume":"13","author":"Willett","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040213480917200_ref171","author":"Williams","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref172","first-page":"121","article-title":"Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Voluntary versus automatic allocation","volume":"16","author":"Yantis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213480917200_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2352\/CIC.1998.6.1.art00029","article-title":"Optimizing color reproduction of natural images","volume":"1998","author":"Yendrikhovskij","year":"1998","journal-title":"Color and Imaging Conference"}],"container-title":["Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/fthci\/article-pdf\/14\/2-3\/96\/10902974\/1100000084en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/fthci\/article-pdf\/14\/2-3\/96\/10902974\/1100000084en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:26:29Z","timestamp":1777472789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/fthci\/article\/14\/2-3\/96\/1320889\/Design-Framework-for-Interactive-Highlighting"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/1100000084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3955","1551-3963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3955","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]}}}