{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:34:35Z","timestamp":1784820875261,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":684,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2-3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the popularisation of the Internet in the 1990s, the cyberspace has kept evolving. We have created various computer-mediated virtual environments, including social networks, video conferencing, virtual 3D worlds (e.g., VR Chat), augmented reality applications (e.g., Pok\u00e9mon Go), and Non-Fungible Token Games (e.g., Upland). Such virtual environments, albeit non-perpetual and unconnected, have brought us various degrees of digital transformation. The term \u201cmetaverse\u201d has been coined to facilitate further digital transformation in every aspect of our physical lives. At the core of the metaverse stands the vision of an immersive Internet as a gigantic, unified, persistent, and shared realm. While the metaverse may seem futuristic, catalyzed by emerging technologies such as Extended Reality, 5G, and Artificial Intelligence, the digital \u201cbig bang\u201d of our cyberspace is not far away.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This survey presents the first effort to offer a comprehensive framework that examines the latest metaverse development under the dimensions of state-of-the-art technologies and metaverse ecosystems and illustrates the possibility of the digital \u201cbig bang\u201d. It is essential to highlight that the metaverse encompasses diverse technologies and ecosystems, calling it an interdisciplinary and emerging field. Its primary objective is to provide users with satisfactory and interactive experiences. First, technologies are the enablers that drive the transition from the current Internet to the metaverse. We thus examine eight enabling technologies rigorously \u2013 Extended Reality, User Interactivity (Human-Computer Interaction), Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Computer Vision, IoT and Robotics, Edge and Cloud computing, and Future Mobile Networks. In terms of applications, the metaverse ecosystem allows human users to live and play within a self-sustaining, persistent, and shared realm. Therefore, we discuss six user-centric factors \u2013 Avatar, Content Creation, Virtual Economy, Social Acceptability, Security and Privacy, and Trust and Accountability. Finally, we propose a concrete research agenda for developing the metaverse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:04:28Z","timestamp":1730873068000},"page":"100-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["All One Needs to Know about Metaverse: A Complete Survey on Technological Singularity, Virtual Ecosystem, and Research Agenda"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lik-Hang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Braud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianlei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University ,","place":["Hong Kong"]},{"name":"London School of Economics and Political Science ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040213465892800_ref001","article-title":"Study on scenarios and requirements for next generation access technologies","author":"3GPP"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040213465892800_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2983918","article-title":"The digital music lab: A big data infrastructure for digital musicology","volume":"10","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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