{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T02:46:27Z","timestamp":1783737987852,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In information retrieval, query auto completion (QAC), also known as type-ahead [Xiao et al., 2013, Cai et al., 2014b] and auto-complete suggestion [Jain and Mishne, 2010], refers to the following functionality: given a prefix consisting of a number of characters entered into a search box, the user interface proposes alternative ways of extending the prefix to a full query. Ranking query completions is a challenging task due to the limited length of prefixes entered by users, the large volume of possible query completions matching a prefix, and the broad range of possible search intents. In recent years, a large number of query auto completion approaches have been proposed that produce ranked lists of alternative query completions by mining query logs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this survey, we review work on query auto completion that has been published before 2016. We focus mainly on web search and provide a formal definition of the query auto completion problem. We describe two dominant families of approaches to the query auto completion problem, one based on heuristic models and the other based on learning to rank. We also identify dominant trends in published work on query auto completion, viz. the use of time-sensitive signals and the use of user-specific signals. We describe the datasets and metrics that are used to evaluate algorithms for query auto completion. We also devote a chapter to efficiency and a chapter to presentation and interaction aspects of query auto completion. We end by discussing related tasks as well as potential research directions to further the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T10:53:24Z","timestamp":1474282404000},"page":"273-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["A Survey of Query Auto Completion in Information Retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"de Rijke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/1498759.1498766","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201909","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref002","first-page":"521","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR \u201909","author":"Amin","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1145\/1718487.1718508","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201910","author":"Anagnostopoulos","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref004","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD \u201913","author":"Bache","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref005","first-page":"588","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Current Trends in Database Technology, EDBT \u201904","author":"Baeza-Yates","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref006","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201907","author":"Bai","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963424","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201911","author":"Ziv Bar-Yossef","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref008","first-page":"364","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201906","author":"Holger Bast","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref009","first-page":"671","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201907","author":"Bast","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314521084300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-008-9048-x","article-title":"Output-sensitive autocompletion search","volume":"11","author":"Bast","year":"2008","journal-title":"Information Retrieval"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref011","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201905","author":"Beitzel","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref012","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201912","author":"Bennett","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref013","first-page":"795","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201911","author":"Bhatia","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref014","first-page":"4266","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI \u201915","author":"Abhijit Bhole","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref015","first-page":"497","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Machine Learning, ECML \u201905","author":"Bickel","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref016","first-page":"531","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201916","author":"Borisov","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref017","first-page":"511","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201909","author":"Broder","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref018","first-page":"14:25","article-title":"Learning to rank using an ensemble of lambda-gradient models","volume-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research","author":"Burges","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref019","first-page":"387","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201908","author":"Buscher","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref020","first-page":"993","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201916","author":"Cai","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314521084300_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2015.12.008","article-title":"Learning from homologous queries and semantically related terms for query auto completion","volume":"52","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information processing and Management"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref022","first-page":"835","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201914","author":"Cai","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1145\/2661829.2661921","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201914","author":"Cai","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026040314521084300_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2568179","article-title":"Prefix-adaptive and time-sensitive personalized query auto completion","volume":"28","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314521084300_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2910579","article-title":"Diversifying query auto-completion","volume":"34","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref026","article-title":"Behavior-based personalization in web search","volume-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology","author":"Cai","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref027","first-page":"875","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD \u201908","author":"Cao","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of automatic query expansion in information retrieval","volume-title":"ACM Computing Surveys","author":"Carpineto","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref029","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201909","author":"Chapelle","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref030","first-page":"621","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201909","author":"Chapelle"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref031","first-page":"707","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD \u201909","author":"Kaushik","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref032","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP \u201907","author":"Chen","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref033","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201905","author":"Chien","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref034","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201907","author":"Firan","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02294-4","volume-title":"Click Models for Web Search","author":"Chuklin","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref036","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI \u201911","author":"Church","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref037","volume-title":"An introduction to the Emacs editor","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"1978"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref038","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201907","author":"Clarke","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref039","first-page":"659","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201908","author":"Charles","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref040","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval, ICTIR \u201909","author":"Clarke","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063639","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201911","author":"Collins-Thompson","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref042","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Text REtrieval Conference, TREC \u201913","author":"Collins-Thompson","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref043","volume-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen","year":"2009","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref044","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201908","author":"Craswell","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/1507509","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Web Search Click Data","author":"Craswell","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref046","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP \u201904","author":"Cucerzan","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1145\/511446.511489","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201902","author":"Cui","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref048","first-page":"603","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201913","author":"Dang","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref049","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201912","author":"Dang","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref050","volume-title":"Adaptive predictive text generation and the reavtive keyboard","author":"Darragh","year":"1988"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026040314521084300_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/2.60879","article-title":"James. The reactive keyboard: A predictive typing aid","volume":"23","author":"Darragh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref052","first-page":"775","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201915","author":"Di Santo","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1145\/1454008.1454054","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, RecSys \u201908","author":"Benjamin Dias","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref054","first-page":"581","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201907","author":"Dou","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963425","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201911","author":"Duan","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref056","first-page":"1511","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP \u201912","author":"Duan","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref057","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201908","author":"Dupret","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref058","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201913","author":"Feild","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref059","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, EC \u201907","author":"Fleder","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1145\/1099554.1099726","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201905","author":"Fonseca","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/2556195.2556249","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201914","author":"Franc\u00e8s","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026040314521084300_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1145\/32206.32212","article-title":"The vocabulary problem in human-system communication","volume":"30","author":"Furnas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref063","first-page":"358","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING \u201910","author":"Gao","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1145\/2433396.2433435","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201913","author":"Golbandi","year":"2013"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026040314521084300_ref065","first-page":"30","article-title":"The Holt-Winters approach to exponential smoothing: 50 years old and going strong","volume":"1","author":"Goodwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref066","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201904","author":"Grabski","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref067","first-page":"478","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201904","author":"Granka","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1145\/1498759.1498818","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201909","author":"Guo","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref069","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201909","author":"Guo","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871518","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201910","author":"Guo","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063619","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201911","author":"Guo","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1145\/1645953.1646289","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201909","author":"He","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref073","first-page":"689","volume-title":"30th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2008)","author":"He","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref074","first-page":"1443","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Data Engineering, ICDE \u201909","author":"He","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139644082","volume-title":"Search User Interfaces","author":"Hearst","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref076","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","author":"Hofmann","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1145\/2433396.2433419","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201913","author":"Hofmann","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040314521084300_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-012-9197-9","article-title":"Balancing exploration and exploitation in listwise and pairwise online learning to rank for information retrieval","volume":"16","author":"Hofmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Retrieval"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1145\/2661829.2661922","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201914","author":"Hofmann","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040314521084300_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2003.09.015","article-title":"Forecasting seasonals and trends by exponentially weighted moving averages","volume":"20","author":"Holt","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Forecasting"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref081","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201913","author":"","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040314521084300_ref082","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Search behavior of media professionals at an audiovisual archive: A transaction log analysis","volume":"61","author":"Huurnink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871585","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201910","author":"Jain","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314521084300_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1145\/582415.582418","article-title":"Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques","volume":"20","author":"J\u00e4rvelin","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref085","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201909","author":"Ji","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063661","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201911","author":"Jiang","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref087","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201914","author":"Jiang","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref088","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR\u201905","author":"Joachims","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref089","first-page":"302","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR \u201906","author":"Joho","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040314521084300_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2007.02.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of additional representations for the search result presentation on the web","volume":"44","author":"Joho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458176","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201908","author":"Jones","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref092","first-page":"701","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201906","author":"Kamvar","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref093","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI \u201909","author":"Kamvar","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref094","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Web Engineering, ICWE\u201910","author":"Kastrinakis","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref095","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW \u201912","author":"Kato","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040314521084300_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-012-9216-x","article-title":"When do people use query suggestion? A query suggestion log analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Retrieval"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref097","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201911","author":"Kazai","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref098","first-page":"633","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201913","author":"Kharitonov","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref099","first-page":"891","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201914","author":"Youngho Kim","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1145\/1935826.1935862","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201911","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref101","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201908","author":"Lee","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref102","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201914","author":"Lefortier","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2013-189","article-title":"Accurate and compact large vocabulary speech recognition on mobile devices","volume-title":"Interspeech 2013","author":"Lei","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314521084300_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-011-0218-x","article-title":"Efficient fuzzy full-text type-ahead search","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"The VLDB Journal"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref105","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201915","author":"Li","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref106","article-title":"Investigating search behavior and search failures in academic search","volume-title":"Submitted","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref107","first-page":"611","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR\u201912","author":"Li","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref108","first-page":"455","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR\u201914","author":"Li","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040314521084300_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2036264.2036281","article-title":"Mining concept sequences from large-scale search logs for context-aware query suggestion","volume":"3","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref110","first-page":"589","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201912","author":"Lin","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314521084300_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1145\/1857947.1857951","article-title":"Bayesian browsing model: Exact inference of document relevance from petabyte-scale data","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref112","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201910","author":"Liu","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref113","first-page":"437","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshopss, ICDMW \u201908","author":"Liu","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref114","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201904","author":"Liu","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040314521084300_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000016","article-title":"Learning to rank for information retrieval","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref116","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201912","author":"Liu","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref117","volume-title":"Overview of the NTCIR-11 IMine task","author":"Liu","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040314521084300_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.14778\/1978665.1978667","article-title":"Query expansion based on clustered results","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref119","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Machine Intelligence Workshop, Machine Intelligence 3","author":"Longuet-Higgins","year":"1968"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1145\/1935826.1935875","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201911","author":"Lucchese","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458177","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201908","author":"Ma","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref122","first-page":"1399","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI \u201910","author":"Ma","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref123","first-page":"1109","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201912","author":"Ma","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809071","volume-title":"Introduction to Information Retrieval","author":"Manning","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040314521084300_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310701702352","article-title":"Find what you need, understand what you find","volume":"23","author":"Marchionini","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref126","unstructured":"Dhruv\n              Matani\n            \n          . An O(k log n) algorithm for prefix based ranked autocomplete. http:\/\/www.dhruvbird.com\/autocomplete.pdf, 2011."},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1145\/1935826.1935840","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201911","author":"Matthijs","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458145","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201908","author":"Mei","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref129","first-page":"678","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201909","author":"Meij","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314521084300_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2011.04.001","article-title":"Mapping queries to the linking open data cloud: A case study using DBpedia","volume":"9","author":"Meij","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref131","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD \u201904","author":"Michail","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref132","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Proceedings 28th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2006), number 3936 in LNCS","author":"Mishne","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref133","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201915","author":"Mitra","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref134","first-page":"1755","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201915","author":"Mitra","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref135","first-page":"1055","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201914","author":"Mitra","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref136","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW \u201908","author":"Morris","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref137","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, VLDB \u201907","author":"Nandi","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref138","first-page":"661","volume-title":"ECIR 2016: 38th European Conference on Information Retrieval, LNCS","author":"Oosterhuis","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref139","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Scalable Information Systems, InfoScale \u201906","author":"Pass","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref140","article-title":"The Humane Interface","volume-title":"Addison-Wesley Professional","author":"Raskin","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref141","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201915","author":"Reinanda","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref142","first-page":"521","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201907","author":"Richardson","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040314521084300_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2005.05.005","article-title":"Analysis of multiple query reformulations on the web: The interactive information retrieval context","volume":"42","author":"Rieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref144","first-page":"737","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING \u201908","author":"Riezler","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref145","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING \u201902","author":"Ruch","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref146","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Overview of the NTCIR-10 INTENT-2 task","author":"Sakai","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref147","first-page":"16:429","article-title":"Learning to rank query suggestions for adhoc and diversity search","volume-title":"Information Retrieval","author":"Santos","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1145\/2835776.2835804","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201916","author":"Schuth","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref149","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International ACM SI-IR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201905","author":"Shen","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref150","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201914","author":"Shen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref151","first-page":"1171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201911","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref152","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201913","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref153","first-page":"601","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201912","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref154","first-page":"971","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201915","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref155","volume-title":"Overview of the NTCIR-9 IMine task","author":"Song","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref156","first-page":"815","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201911","author":"Song","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1145\/2124295.2124348","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201912","author":"Sontag","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref158","first-page":"611","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201912","author":"Strizhevskaya","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref159","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL \u201910","author":"Sun","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2396800","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201912","author":"Sun","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref161","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP \u201912","author":"Gao","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref162","first-page":"3:181","article-title":"Adaptive and predictive techniques in a communication prosthesis","volume-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication","author":"Swiffin","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref163","first-page":"718","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD \u201906","author":"Tan","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1145\/1935826.1935848","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201911","author":"Teevan","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref165","first-page":"1256","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP \u201910","author":"Udupa","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1145\/2505515.2505679","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201913","author":"Ustinovskiy","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref167","first-page":"841","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201912","author":"Vallet","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref168","first-page":"769","volume-title":"SIGIR 2016: 39th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval","author":"Doorn","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2015-480","article-title":"Garbage modeling for on-device speech recognition","volume-title":"Interspeech 2015","author":"Van Gysel","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref170","first-page":"3:196","article-title":"Comparative analysis of fixed-vocabulary communication acceleration techniques","volume-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication","author":"Vanderheiden","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref171","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201912","author":"Vargas","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref172","first-page":"523","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201910","author":"Weber","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref173","first-page":"971","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201914","author":"","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref174","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Dutch-Belgian Information Retrieval workshop, DIR \u201913","author":"Whiting","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref175","volume-title":"The Reactive Keyboard","author":"Witten","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref176","first-page":"451","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201910","author":"Xiang","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040314521084300_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.14778\/2536336.2536339","article-title":"Efficient error-tolerant query autocompletion","volume":"6","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref178","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Overview of the NTCIR-12 IMine-2 task","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458321","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201908","author":"Yang","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772793","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201910","author":"Yue","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref181","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR \u201915","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref182","first-page":"1388","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD \u201911","author":"Zhang","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963415","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW \u201911","author":"Zhu","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2398523","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM \u201912","author":"Zhu","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040314521084300_ref185","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM \u201910","author":"Allen Zhu","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftinr\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/273\/11098393\/1500000055en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftinr\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/273\/11098393\/1500000055en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:29:55Z","timestamp":1777472995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftinr\/article\/10\/4\/273\/1330380\/A-Survey-of-Query-Auto-Completion-in-Information"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/1500000055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1554-0669","1554-0677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1554-0669","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-0677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]}}}