{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T19:09:51Z","timestamp":1775243391328,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Search systems are often designed to support simple look-up tasks, such as fact-finding and navigation tasks. However, people increasingly use search engines to complete tasks that require deeper learning. In recent years, the search as learning (SAL) research community has argued that search systems should also be designed to support information-seeking tasks that involve complex learning as an important outcome. This monograph aims to provide a comprehensive review of prior research in search as learning and related areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Searching to learn can be characterized by specific learning objectives, strategies, and context. Therefore, we begin by reviewing research in education that has aimed at characterizing learning objectives, strategies, and context. Then, we review methods used in prior studies to measure learning during a search session. Here, we discuss two important recommendations for future work: (1) measuring learning retention and (2) measuring a learner\u2019s ability to transfer their new knowledge to a novel scenario. Following this, we discuss studies that have focused on understanding factors that influence learning during search and search behaviors that are predictive of learning. Next, we survey tools that have been developed to support learning during search. Searching for the purpose of learning is often a solitary activity. Research in self-regulated learning (SRL) aims to understand how people monitor and control their own learning. Therefore, we review existing models of SRL, methods to measure engagement with specific SRL processes, and tools to support effective SRL. We conclude by discussing potential areas for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:41:56Z","timestamp":1741675316000},"page":"365-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Search as Learning"],"prefix":"10.1561","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Urgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of San Francisco ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Arguello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ,","place":["USA"]}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040314324076200_ref001","volume-title":"MA thesis","author":"Abualsaud","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040314324076200_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2012.712795","article-title":"Relationships among properties of college students\u2019 self-set academic goals and academic achievement","volume":"32","author":"Acee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040314324076200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/2641383.2641390","article-title":"Evaluation methodologies in information retrieval dagstuhl seminar 13441","volume":"48","author":"Agosti","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM SIGIR Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040314324076200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217-024-00138-2","article-title":"A systematic literature review of empirical research on ChatGPT in education","volume":"3","author":"Albadarin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discover Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040314324076200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102597","article-title":"Stance detection on social media: State of the art and trends","volume":"58","author":"ALDayel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"2026040314324076200_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2019.101784","article-title":"Self-set goals improve academic performance through nonlinear effects on daily study performance","volume":"77","author":"Alessandri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040314324076200_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2006-16(2)02","article-title":"Toward Meta-cognitive Tutoring: A Model of Help Seeking with a Cognitive Tutor","volume":"16","author":"Aleven","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040314324076200_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/2215676.2215678","article-title":"Frontiers, challenges, and opportunities for information retrieval: Report from SWIRL 2012 the second strategic workshop on information retrieval in Lorne","volume":"46","author":"Allan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM SIGIR Forum"},{"issue":"4698","key":"2026040314324076200_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.228.4698.456","article-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems","volume":"228","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026040314324076200_ref010","volume-title":"A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Abridged Edition","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026040314324076200_ref011","first-page":"435","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 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