{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T23:40:50Z","timestamp":1774309250556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":757,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2-4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Equipping machines with comprehensive knowledge of the world\u2019s entities and their relationships has been a longstanding goal of AI. Over the last decade, large-scale knowledge bases, also known as knowledge graphs, have been automatically constructed from web contents and text sources, and have become a key asset for search engines. This machine knowledge can be harnessed to semantically interpret textual phrases in news, social media and web tables, and contributes to question answering, natural language processing and data analytics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article surveys fundamental concepts and practical methods for creating and curating large knowledge bases. It covers models and methods for discovering and canon-icalizing entities and their semantic types and organizing them into clean taxonomies. On top of this, the article discusses the automatic extraction of entity-centric properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To support the long-term life-cycle and the quality assurance of machine knowledge, the article presents methods for constructing open schemas and for knowledge curation. Case studies on academic projects and industrial knowledge graphs complement the survey of concepts and methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/1900000064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1626080303000},"page":"108-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Machine Knowledge: Creation and Curation of Comprehensive Knowledge Bases"],"prefix":"10.1561","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Weikum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics"}]},{"given":"Xin Luna","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Razniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Suchanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecom Paris University"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1-3","key":"2025120810451582700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90055-O","article-title":"On the thresholds of knowledge","volume":"47","author":"Lenat","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120810451582700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219745","article-title":"CYC: A large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure","volume":"38","author":"Lenat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Communication of the ACM"},{"key":"2025120810451582700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7287.001.0001","volume-title":"WordNet: An electronic lexical database","author":"Fellbaum","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025120810451582700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92673-3","volume-title":"Handbook on Ontologies","author":"Staab","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120810451582700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1145\/2844544","article-title":"Schema.org: Evolution of structured data on the web","volume":"59","author":"Guha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Communication of the ACM"},{"key":"2025120810451582700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0\\_52","article-title":"Dbpedia: A nucleus for a web of open data","volume-title":"International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC)","author":"Auer","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025120810451582700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1376616.1376746","article-title":"Freebase: A collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge","volume-title":"ACM Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD)","author":"Bollacker","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120810451582700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2005.03.001","article-title":"Unsupervised named-entity extraction from the web: An experimental study","volume":"165","author":"Etzioni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI)"},{"key":"2025120810451582700_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1559795.1559797","article-title":"A web of concepts","volume-title":"ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS)","author":"Dalvi","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025120810451582700_ref010","unstructured":"S. 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