{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:06:57Z","timestamp":1792537617286,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Robotics and related technologies are central to the ongoing digitization and advancement of manufacturing. In recent years, a variety of strategic initiatives around the world including \u201cIndustry 4.0\u201d, introduced in Germany in 2011 have aimed to improve and connect manufacturing technologies in order to optimize production processes. In this work, we study the changing technological landscape of robotics and \u201cInternet-of-Things\u201d (IoT)-based connective technologies over the last 7\u201310 years in the wake of Industry 4.0. We interviewed key players within the European robotics ecosystem, including robotics manufacturers and integrators, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and applied industrial research institutions and synthesize our findings in this monograph. We first detail the state-of-the-art robotics and IoT technologies we observed and that the companies discussed during our interviews. We then describe the processes the companies follow when deciding whether and how to integrate new technologies, the challenges they face when integrating these technologies, and some immediate future technological avenues they are exploring in robotics and IoT. Finally, based on our findings, we highlight key research directions for the robotics community that can enable improved capabilities in the context of manufacturing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/2300000065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T05:10:17Z","timestamp":1616994617000},"page":"225-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The State of Industrial Robotics: Emerging Technologies, Challenges, and Key Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Sanneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Fourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref001","first-page":"93","article-title":"\u201cUser needs and design opportunities in end-user robot programming\u201d","author":"Ajaykumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Companion of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref002","article-title":"\u201cRobotic skin\u201d","author":"Alvite","year":"1987"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040113105339700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2008.10.024","article-title":"\u201cA survey of robot learning from demonstration\u201d","volume":"57","author":"","year":"2009","journal-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05624-1_2","article-title":"\u201cState of the art in industrial automation\u201d","author":"Bangemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Industrial Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Systems"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30301-5_60","article-title":"\u201cSurvey: Robot programming by demonstration\u201d","author":"Billard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Robotics"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8460875","article-title":"\u201cUsing simulation and domain adaptation to improve efficiency of deep robotic grasping\u201d","author":"Bousmalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989203","article-title":"\u201cProbabilistic data association for semantic slam\u201d","author":"Bowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040113105339700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020486","article-title":"\u201cProgramming of industrial robots using virtual reality and digital twins\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Burghardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref009","first-page":"17","article-title":"\u201cDesigning robot learners that ask good questions\u201d","author":"Cakmak","year":"2012","journal-title":"2012 7th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction (HRI)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref010","author":"CE Marking","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040113105339700_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.04.009","article-title":"\u201cIntegrated and intelligent manufacturing: Perspectives and enablers\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040113105339700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2017.2788850","article-title":"\u201cIndustrial cyberphysical systems: Realizing cloud-based big data infrastructures\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref013","article-title":"\u201cA roadmap for US robotics: From internet to robotics\u201d","author":"Christensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref014","first-page":"379","article-title":"\u201cHuman-centered approach for the design of a collaborative robotics workstation\u201d","author":"Colim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health II"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040113105339700_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2016.2600527","article-title":"\u201cAnalysis and observations from the first amazon picking challenge\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Correll","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040113105339700_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/027836498800700401","article-title":"\u201cCompliant robot motion I. A formalism for specifying compliant motion tasks\u201d","volume":"7","author":"De Schutter","year":"1988","journal-title":"The International Journal of Robotics Research"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10226","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9196754","article-title":"\u201cHelping robots learn: A human\u2013robot master-apprentice model using demonstrations via virtual reality teleoperation\u201d","author":"DelPreto","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040113105339700_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1109\/70.938381","article-title":"\u201cA solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040113105339700_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3292674","article-title":"\u201cA survey of communication protocols for internet of things and related challenges of fog and cloud computing integration\u201d","volume":"51","author":"Dizdarevi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref020","first-page":"301","article-title":"\u201cLegibility and predictability of robot motion\u201d","author":"Dragan","year":"2013","journal-title":"8th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction (HRI)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref021","first-page":"998","article-title":"\u201cModel globally, match locally: Efficient and robust 3D object recognition\u201d","author":"Drost","year":"2010","journal-title":"2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2009.5152595","article-title":"\u201cA flexible robot skin for safe physical human robot interaction\u201d","author":"Duchaine","year":"2009","journal-title":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref023","first-page":"660","article-title":"\u201cTowards the safety of human-in-the-loop robotics: Challenges and opportunities for safety assurance of robotic co-workers\u2019\u201d","author":"Eder","year":"2014","journal-title":"The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref024","first-page":"113","article-title":"\u201cAttitudes of factory workers towards industrial and collaborative robots\u201d","author":"Elprama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref025","author":"Fanuc","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref026","article-title":"\u201cAutomated guided vehicle systems: 5 things to know before introducing AGVs to your shop floor\u201d","author":"FlexQube","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9880","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019880","article-title":"\u201cAdaptive planning with evidence based prediction for improved fluency in routine human\u2013robot collaborative tasks\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Fourie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref028","article-title":"\u201cFranka Emika Panda robot\u201d","author":"Frank Emika","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref029","first-page":"4581","article-title":"\u201cIntegration of planning with recognition for responsive interaction using classical planners.\u201d","author":"Freedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAAI"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref030","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cSafety of industrial robots: From conventional to collaborative applications\u201d","author":"Fryman","year":"2012","journal-title":"ROBOTIK 2012; 7th German Conference on Robotics"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2026040113105339700_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2019.1698463","article-title":"\u201cWhat are the important technologies for bin picking? Technology analysis of robots in competitions based on a set of performance metrics\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advanced Robotics"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8793988","article-title":"\u201cEnd-user robot programming using mixed reality\u201d","author":"Gadre","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040113105339700_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v40i2.2850","article-title":"\u201cDARPA\u2019s explainable artificial intelligence program\u201d","volume":"40","author":"Gunning","year":"2019","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref034","first-page":"1026","article-title":"\u201cDelving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification\u201d","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref035","article-title":"\u201cRecommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0\u201d","author":"HenningK","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref036","article-title":"\u201cKey challenges and open issues of industrial collaborative robotics\u201d","author":"Hentout","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 The 27th IEEE International Symposium on Workshop on Human\u2013Robot Interaction: From Service to Industry (HRI-SI2018) at Robot and Human Interactive Communication. Proceedings. IEEE"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2019.1636714","article-title":"\u201cHuman\u2013robot interaction in industrial collaborative robotics: A literature review of the decade 2008\u20132017\u201d","author":"Hentout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advanced Robotics"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref038","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cEffects of anticipatory action on human\u2013robot teamwork efficiency, fluency, and perception of team\u201d","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref039","first-page":"137","article-title":"\u201cDeveloping human\u2013robot interaction for an industry 4.0 robot: How industry workers helped to improve remote-HRI to physical-HRI\u201d","author":"Huber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref040","article-title":"\u201cRobot density rises globally\u201d","author":"IFR","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref041","article-title":"\u201cWorld Robotics 2019\u201d","author":"IFR","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794054","article-title":"\u201cFast online segmentation of activities from partial trajectories\u201d","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref043","article-title":"\u201cISO 8373: 2012 (en) robots and robotic devices\u2013vocabulary\u201d","author":"ISO","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref044","article-title":"\u201cISO 15066: 2016 (en) robots and robotic devices\u2013collaborative robots\u201d","author":"ISO","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106004","article-title":"\u201cCurrent research and future perspectives on human factors and ergonomics in Industry 4.0\u201d","volume":"137","author":"Kadir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040113105339700_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.2006706","article-title":"\u201ciSAM: Incremental smoothing and mapping\u201d","volume":"24","author":"Kaess","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref047","first-page":"281","article-title":"\u201cEnd-user robot programming case study: Augmented reality vs. teach pendant\u201d","author":"Kapinus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Companion of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref048","first-page":"1097","article-title":"\u201cImagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks\u201d","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems."},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref049","article-title":"\u201cKuka IIWA industrial robot\u201d","author":"Kuka","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref050","first-page":"261","article-title":"\u201cTowards an intelligent collaborative robotic system for mixed case palletizing\u201d","author":"Lamon","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040113105339700_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1561\/2300000052","article-title":"\u201cA survey of methods for safe human\u2013robot interaction\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Lasota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Robotics"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/CoASE.2014.6899348","article-title":"\u201cToward safe close-proximity human\u2013robot interaction with standard industrial robots\u201d","author":"Lasota","year":"2014","journal-title":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026040113105339700_ref053","article-title":"\u201cConvolutional networks for images, speech, and time series\u201d","volume":"3361","author":"LeCun","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026040113105339700_ref054","first-page":"636","article-title":"\u201cTactile sensing: New directions, new challenges\u201d","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"The International Journal of Robotics Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040113105339700_ref055","first-page":"1334","article-title":"\u201cEnd-to-end training of deep visuomotor policies\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Levine","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref056","first-page":"121","article-title":"\u201cSuccessful experience of formation of industry 4.0 in various countries\u201d","author":"Lobova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Industry 4.0: Industrial Revolution of the 21st Century"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2017.04.005","article-title":"\u201cIndustry 4.0: A survey on technologies, applications and open research issues\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial Information Integration"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref058","article-title":"\u201cDex-net 2.0: Deep learning to plan robust grasps with synthetic point clouds and analytic grasp metrics\u201d","author":"Mahler","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.09312"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref059","first-page":"299","article-title":"\u201cHuman\u2013robot collaborative manipulation planning using early prediction of human motion\u201d","author":"Mainprice","year":"2013","journal-title":"2013 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2015.7333641","article-title":"\u201cWorking together with industrial robots: Experiencing robots in a production environment\u201d","author":"Meneweger","year":"2015","journal-title":"2015 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.08.014","article-title":"\u201cDesign considerations for safe human\u2013robot collaborative workplaces\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Michalos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia CIrP"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref062","author":"Mobley","year":"2002","journal-title":"An Introduction to Predictive Maintenance"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026040113105339700_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/soc6030023","article-title":"\u201cRobots working with humans or humans working with robots? Searching for social dimensions in new human\u2013robot interaction in industry\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Moniz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Societies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040113105339700_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2016.06.005","article-title":"\u201cCyberphysical systems in manufacturing\u201d","volume":"65","author":"Monostori","year":"2016","journal-title":"CIRP Annals"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026040113105339700_ref065","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cSimulation in the design and operation of manufacturing systems: State of the art and new trends\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Mourtzis","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2014.10.032","article-title":"\u201cSimulation in manufacturing: Review and challenges\u201d","volume":"25","author":"Mourtzis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref067","article-title":"\u201cSmall business, job creation and growth: Facts, obstacles and best practices\u201d","author":"OECD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref068","article-title":"\u201cSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMES)\u201d","author":"OECD","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref069","author":"Ong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref070","article-title":"\u201cOPC unified architecture\u201d","author":"OPC Foundation","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2017.05.014","article-title":"\u201cDesigning intelligent manufacturing systems through Human-Machine Cooperation principles: A human-centered approach\u201d","volume":"111","author":"Pacaux-Lemoine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref072","article-title":"\u201cRobot spatial awareness\u201d","author":"Padget Technologies","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026040113105339700_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191","article-title":"\u201cA survey on transfer learning\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref074","first-page":"2293","article-title":"\u201cIntuitive instruction of industrial robots: Semantic process descriptions for small lot production\u201d","author":"Perzylo","year":"2016","journal-title":"2016 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref075","article-title":"\u201cToward efficient robot teach-in and semantic process descriptions for small lot sizes\u201d","author":"Perzylo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Combining AI Reasoning and Cognitive Science with Robotics, Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040113105339700_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-017-9678-1","article-title":"\u201cRobot adaptation to human physical fatigue in human\u2013robot comanipulation\u201d","volume":"42","author":"Peternel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autonomous Robots"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref077","first-page":"652","article-title":"\u201cPointnet: Deep learning on point sets for 3D classification and segmentation\u201d","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8461039","article-title":"\u201cDeep reinforcement learning for vision-based robotic grasping: A simulated comparative evaluation of off-policy methods\u201d","author":"Quillen","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref079","first-page":"731","article-title":"\u201cCyber-physical systems: The next computing revolution\u201d","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Design Automation Conference"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref080","article-title":"\u201cBayessim: Adaptive domain randomization via probabilistic inference for robotics simulators\u201d","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.01728"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref081","article-title":"\u201cIntuitive, iterative and assisted virtual guides programming for human\u2013robot comanipulation\u201d","author":"Restrepo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PhD thesis"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref082","article-title":"\u201cKUKA-MainImage-report\u201d","author":"Robotics Business Review","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref083","article-title":"\u201cRobot operating system (ROS)\u201d","author":"ROS","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref084","first-page":"1660","article-title":"\u201cImproving the adversarial robustness and interpretability of deep neural networks by regularizing their input gradients\u201d","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref085","first-page":"3613","article-title":"\u201cThe social impact of a robot coworker in industrial settings\u201d","author":"Saupp\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref086","article-title":"\u201cA guide to safety light curtains\u201d","author":"SICK (UK) Ltd","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref087","article-title":"\u201cRobotics 2020 multi-annual roadmap for robotics in Europe\u201d","author":"SPARC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040113105339700_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2019.2928782","article-title":"\u201cIntuitive task-level programming by demonstration through semantic skill recognition\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref089","first-page":"1879","article-title":"\u201cSwitchable constraints for robust pose graph SLAM\u201d","author":"S\u00fcnderhauf","year":"2012","journal-title":"2012 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref090","first-page":"270","article-title":"\u201cA survey on deep transfer learning\u201d","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026040113105339700_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1443229","article-title":"\u201cDigital twin-driven product design framework\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794219","article-title":"\u201cManipulation by feel: Touch-based control with deep predictive models\u201d","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref093","article-title":"\u201cDeep object pose estimation for semantic robotic grasping of household objects\u201d","author":"Tremblay","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.10790"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref094","article-title":"\u201cQuirkos 2.2\u201d","author":"Turner","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509295","article-title":"\u201cA robust, low-cost and low-noise artificial skin for human-friendly robots\u201d","author":"Ulmen","year":"2010","journal-title":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref096","article-title":"\u201cUniversal Robotics UR10e\u201d","author":"Universal Robotics","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref097","article-title":"\u201cAPAS\u201d","author":"Universita Degli Studi Di Brescia","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref098","first-page":"75","article-title":"\u201cConsider the human work experience when integrating robotics in the workplace\u201d","author":"Welfare","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot Interaction (HRI)"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref099","first-page":"203","article-title":"\u201cDeploying robots in a production environment: A study on temporal transitions of workers\u2019 experiences\u201d","author":"Wurhofer","year":"2015","journal-title":"IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1145\/3148330.3148349","article-title":"\u201cReflections on operators\u2019 and maintenance engineers\u2019 experiences of smart factories\u201d","author":"Wurhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on Supporting Groupwork"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040113105339700_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.02.038","article-title":"\u201cTactile sensing for dexterous in-hand manipulation in robotics\u2014A review\u201d","volume":"167","author":"Yousef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators A: Physical"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.01.015","article-title":"\u201cTowards an optimal avoidance strategy for collaborative robots\u201d","volume":"59","author":"Zanchettin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing"},{"key":"2026040113105339700_ref103","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cRobotic pick-and-place of novel objects in clutter with multi-affordance grasping and cross-domain image matching\u201d","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040113105339700_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics7020017","article-title":"\u201cRobot learning from demonstration in robotic assembly: A survey\u201d","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Robotics"}],"container-title":["Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftrob\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/225\/10906167\/2300000065en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftrob\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/225\/10906167\/2300000065en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:22:18Z","timestamp":1777486938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftrob\/article\/8\/3\/225\/1321390\/The-State-of-Industrial-Robotics-Emerging"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/2300000065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-8253","1935-8261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-8261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]}}}