{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:05:48Z","timestamp":1777777548359,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This tutorial investigates the problem of the occurrence of multiple faults in the sensors used to monitor and control a network of cyberphysical systems. The goal is to formulate a general methodology, which will be used for designing sensor fault diagnosis schemes with emphasis on the isolation of multiple sensor faults, and for analyzing the performance of these schemes with respect to the design parameters and system characteristics. The backbone of the proposed methodology is the design of several monitoring and aggregation cyber agents (modules) with specific properties and tasks. The monitoring agents check the healthy operation of sets of sensors and infer the occurrence of faults in these sensor sets based on structured robustness and sensitivity properties. These properties are obtained by deriving analytical redundancy relations of observer-based residuals sensitive to specific subsets of sensor faults, and adaptive thresholds that bound the residuals under healthy conditions, assuming bounded modeling uncertainty and measurement noise. The aggregation agents are employed to collect and process the decisions of the agents, while they apply diagnostic reasoning to isolate combinations of sensor faults that have possibly occurred. The design and performance analysis methodology is presented in the context of three different architectures: for cyber-physical systems that consist of a set of interconnected systems, a distributed architecture and a decentralized architecture, and for cyber-physical systems that are treated as monolithic, a centralized architecture. For all three architectures, the decomposition of the sensor set into subsets of sensors plays a key role in their ability to isolate multiple sensor faults. A discussion of the challenges and benefits of the three architectures is provided, based on the system scale, the type of system nonlinearities, the number of sensors and the communication needs. Lastly, this tutorial concludes with a discussion of open problems in fault diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/2600000007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T11:24:54Z","timestamp":1469100294000},"page":"1-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Sensor Fault Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Vasso","family":"Reppa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signals and Systems (L2S, UMR CNRS 8506) CentraleSup\u00e9lec-CNRS-University Paris-Sud University Paris-Saclay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marios M.","family":"Polycarpou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks Electrical & Computer Engineering Department University of Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos G.","family":"Panayiotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks Electrical & Computer Engineering Department University of Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref001","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Non-linear observer-based fault detection","volume-title":"The 3rd IEEE Conference on Control Applications","author":"Adjallah","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2253491","article-title":"A cognitive fault diagnosis system for distributed sensor networks","volume":"24","author":"Alippi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2012.2211873","article-title":"Cyber security of water SCADA systems\u2013Part i: analysis and experimentation of stealthy deception attacks","volume":"21","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcon.2013.05.018","article-title":"Control of cyberphysical systems using passivity and dissipativity based methods","volume":"19","author":"Antsaklis","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8157-6_13","volume-title":"Building the Information Society","author":"Avi\u017eienis","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref006","unstructured":"BEA\n          . Final report on the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France flight AF 447 Rio de Janeiro - Paris. Technical report, Bureau d\u2019Enqu\u00eates et d\u2019Analyses pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019 aviation civile (BEA), 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/19.836318","article-title":"Instrument fault detection and isolation: State of the art and new research trends","volume":"49","author":"Betta","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47943-8","volume-title":"Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control","author":"Blanke","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2013.03.008","article-title":"Distributed fault diagnosis for continuous-time nonlinear systems: The input-output case","volume":"37","author":"Boem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Reviews in Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref010","first-page":"3549","article-title":"Distributed fault detection for uncertain nonlinear systems: A network delay compensation strategy","volume-title":"American Control Conference","author":"Boem","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref011","first-page":"932","article-title":"Distributed fault detection using sensor networks and pareto estimation","volume-title":"The 12th European Control Conference (ECC)","author":"Boem","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref012","first-page":"60","article-title":"Optimal topology for distributed fault detection of large-scale systems","volume-title":"International Federation of Automatic Control","author":"Boem","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref013","first-page":"601","article-title":"A plug-and-play fault diagnosis approach for large-scale systems","volume-title":"IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Boem","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2011.2170065","article-title":"A decomposition method for nonlinear parameter estimation in transcend","volume":"42","author":"Bregon","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Human"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033114225563600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021005\u20131\u20139","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2837310","article-title":"Adaptive observer for fault diagnosis in nonlinear discrete-time systems","volume":"130","author":"Caccavale","year":"2008","journal-title":"ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2008.05.012","article-title":"Actuators fault diagnosis for robot manipulators with uncertain model","volume":"17","author":"Caccavale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Control Engineering Practice"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5149-2","volume-title":"Robust Model-based Fault Diagnosis for Dynamic Systems","author":"Chen","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2007.904544","article-title":"Decentralized output-feedback neural control for systems with unknown interconnections","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026033114225563600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/00207720701631503","article-title":"A sliding mode observer-based strategy for fault detection, isolation, and estimation in a class of lipschitz nonlinear systems","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Systems Science"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref020","first-page":"2289","article-title":"Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework","volume-title":"The 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Science","author":"Chourabi","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033114225563600_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2006.889865","article-title":"Sensor location for diagnosis in linear systems: a structural analysis","volume":"52","author":"Commault","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2004.835010","article-title":"Conflicts versus analytical redundancy relations: A comparative analysis of the model based diagnosis approach from the artificial intelligence and automatic control perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Cordier","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033114225563600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2007.895081","article-title":"Distributed diagnosis in formations of mobile robots","volume":"23","author":"Daigle","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref024","first-page":"144","article-title":"Improving multiple fault diagnosability using possible conflicts","volume-title":"The 8th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Daigle","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2013.2264507","article-title":"Distributed fault detection and isolation filter design for a network of heterogeneous multiagent systems","volume":"22","author":"Davoodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90063-4","article-title":"Diagnosing multiple faults","volume":"32","author":"De Kleer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1109\/9.928586","article-title":"A geometric approach to nonlinear fault detection and isolation","volume":"46","author":"De Persis","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref028","volume-title":"Model-based Fault Diagnosis Techniques: Design Schemes, Algorithms, and Tools","author":"Ding","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033114225563600_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2006.876610","article-title":"Distributed sensing for quality and productivity improvements","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2013.08.009","article-title":"Actuator and sensor fault isolation of nonlinear process systems","volume":"104","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2005.04.008","article-title":"Structural analysis of fault isolability in the damadics benchmark","volume":"14","author":"D\u00fcsteg\u00f6r","year":"2006","journal-title":"Control Engineering Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2013.02.045","article-title":"A method for quantitative fault diagnosability analysis of stochastic linear descriptor models","volume":"49","author":"Eriksson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026033114225563600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2012.2188430","article-title":"Active robust fault detection in closed-loop systems: quadratic optimization approach","volume":"57","author":"Eshna Ashari","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471781819","volume-title":"Adaptive approximation Based Control: Unifying Neural, Fuzzy and Traditional Adaptive Approximation Approaches","author":"Farrell","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2012.6252472","article-title":"A decentralized fault detection and prediction scheme for nonlinear interconnected continuous-time systems","volume-title":"The 2012 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","author":"Ferdowsi","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2008.2009591","article-title":"Distributed fault diagnosis with overlapping decompositions: an adaptive approximation approach","volume":"54","author":"Ferrari","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033114225563600_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2011.2164734","article-title":"Distributed fault detection and isolation of large-scale discrete-time nonlinear systems: An adaptive approximation approach","volume":"57","author":"Ferrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref038","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Multiple fault diagnosis system design using reliability analysis: Application to barcelona rain-gau","volume-title":"The 6th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Figueras","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2012.2189877","article-title":"Diagnosability analysis considering causal interpretations for differential constraints","volume":"42","author":"Frisk","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179508921563","article-title":"Trajectory tracking in nonlinear systems via nonlinear reduced-order observers","volume":"62","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2004.833335","article-title":"Combining FDI and AI approaches within causal-model-based diagnosis","volume":"34","author":"Gentil","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref042","volume-title":"Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Engineering Systems","author":"Gertler","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.836198","article-title":"Coordinated decentralized adaptive output feedback control of interconnected systems","volume":"16","author":"Hovakimyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref044","first-page":"283","article-title":"Decentralized diagnosis with isolation on request for spacecraft","volume-title":"The 8th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Indra","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref045","volume-title":"Robust Adaptive Control","author":"Ioannou","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-30368-5","volume-title":"Fault-Diagnosis Systems: An Introduction from Fault Detection to Fault Tolerance","author":"Isermann","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref047","first-page":"59","article-title":"Multiple and simultaneous fault isolation with minimal fault indicating signals: a case study","volume-title":"The 7th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Issury","year":"2009"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026033114225563600_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1109\/9.964696","article-title":"Design of fault diagnosis filters and fault-tolerant control for a class of nonlinear systems","volume":"46","author":"Kabore","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref049","first-page":"13551","article-title":"Robust FDI for FTC coordination in a distributed network system","volume-title":"The 16th IFAC World Congress","author":"Klinkhieo","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2011.2162587","article-title":"Method of multiple fault isolation in large scale systems","volume":"20","author":"Koscielny","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033114225563600_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1109\/72.363477","article-title":"High-order neural network structures for identification of dynamical systems","volume":"6","author":"Kosmatopoulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-655-9","volume-title":"Vulnerable Systems","author":"Kr\u00f6ger","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2008.2003968","article-title":"Sensor placement for fault diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Krysander","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2007.909555","article-title":"An efficient algorithm for finding minimal overconstrained subsystems for model-based diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Krysander","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref055","volume-title":"Linear Algebra","author":"Lipschutz","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2006.880221","article-title":"Nonlinear fault detection and isolation in a threetank heating system","volume":"14","author":"Mattone","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2052036","article-title":"Fault diagnosis using a timed discreteevent approach based on interval observers: application to sewer networks","volume":"40","author":"Meseguer","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2004.02.002","article-title":"Set membership identification of nonlinear systems","volume":"40","author":"Milanese","year":"2004","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref059","first-page":"962","article-title":"Cyber attack in a two-area power system: Impact identification using reachability","volume-title":"American Control Conference","author":"Mohajerin Esfahani","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref060","first-page":"2736","article-title":"Model-based sensor fault detection and isolation system for unmanned ground vehicles: theoretical aspects (Part I)","volume-title":"The 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","author":"Monteriu","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026033114225563600_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2007.12.020","article-title":"New nonlinear residual feedback observer for fault diagnosis in nonlinear systems","volume":"44","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3182\/20060829-4-CN-2909.00145","article-title":"A fault isolation algorithm for the case of multiple faults and multiple fault types","volume-title":"The 6th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Nyberg","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179.2010.535215","article-title":"Positive invariant sets for fault tolerant multisensor control schemes","volume":"83","author":"Olaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026033114225563600_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2011.2166313","article-title":"Distributed fault accommodation for a class of interconnected nonlinear systems with partial communication","volume":"56","author":"Panagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2012.2223220","article-title":"A coordinated communication scheme for distributed fault tolerant control","volume":"9","author":"Panagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026033114225563600_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1109\/21.467710","article-title":"Automated fault detection and accommodation: a learning systems approach","volume":"25","author":"Polycarpou","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033114225563600_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1109\/9.847127","article-title":"Learning approach to nonlinear fault diagnosis: detectability analysis","volume":"45","author":"Polycarpou","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref068","first-page":"1850","article-title":"Robust fault isolation using nonlinear interval observers: the DAMADICS benchmark case study","volume-title":"The 16th IFAC World Congress","author":"Puig","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref069","first-page":"914","article-title":"Design of structured residuals using interval models: Application to multiple sequential fault isolation","volume-title":"The 6th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Puig","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2004.835007","article-title":"Possible conflicts: a compilation technique for consistency-based diagnosis","volume":"34","author":"Pulido","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2009.12.005","article-title":"Interval observer design for consistency checks of nonlinear continuous-time systems","volume":"46","author":"Ra\u00efssi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1109\/9.661604","article-title":"Observers for lipschitz nonlinear systems","volume":"43","author":"Rajamani","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026033114225563600_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1080\/00207170412331270523","article-title":"Sensor fault diagnostics for a class of non-linear systems using linear matrix inequalities","volume":"77","author":"Rajamani","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Control"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026033114225563600_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6774","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0400806","article-title":"A methodology for fault detection, isolation, and identification for nonlinear processes with parametric uncertainties","volume":"43","author":"Rajaraman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026033114225563600_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.07.037","article-title":"Sensor fault diagnosis for nonlinear processes with parametric uncertainties","volume":"130","author":"Rajaraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref076","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Multi-sensor fault recovery in the presence of known and unknown faults","volume-title":"The 12th International Conference on Information Fusion","author":"Reece","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref077","first-page":"2340","article-title":"A distributed architecture for sensor fault detection and isolation using adaptive approximation","volume-title":"The IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence","author":"Reppa","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref078","first-page":"99","article-title":"A distributed virtual sensor scheme for smart buildings based on adaptive approximation","volume-title":"The International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","author":"Reppa","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2250301","article-title":"Adaptive approximation for multiple sensor fault detection and isolation of nonlinear uncertain systems","volume":"25","author":"Reppa","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref080","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Structural detectability analysis of a distributed sensor fault diagnosis scheme for a class of nonlinear systems","volume-title":"The 9th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Reppa","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2014.2384371","article-title":"Decentralized isolation of multiple sensor faults in large-scale interconnected nonlinear systems","volume":"60","author":"Reppa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2014.2367362","article-title":"Distributed sensor fault diagnosis for a network of interconnected cyber-physical systems","volume":"2","author":"Reppa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026033114225563600_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2008.02.009","article-title":"Centralized and decentralized process and sensor fault monitoring using data fusion based on adaptive extended kalman filter algorithm","volume":"41","author":"Salahshoor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2011.03.002","article-title":"Survey and application of sensor fault detection and isolation schemes","volume":"19","author":"Samy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Control Engineering Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2014.03.016","article-title":"Input design for guaranteed fault diagnosis using zonotopes","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2011.2178716","article-title":"Fault tolerant control allowing sensor healthy-to-faulty and faulty-to-healthy transitions","volume":"57","author":"Seron","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033114225563600_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179.2012.757653","article-title":"Integrated sensor and actuator fault-tolerant control","volume":"86","author":"Seron","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026033114225563600_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2011.09.011","article-title":"Distributed fault detection for interconnected second-order systems","volume":"47","author":"Shames","year":"2011","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref089","first-page":"D1-1","article-title":"Controlled flight into stall (cfis): Functional complexity failures and automation surprises","volume-title":"The Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference","author":"Sherry","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-1098(01)00005-X","article-title":"Analytical redundancy relations for fault detection and isolation in algebraic dynamic systems","volume":"37","author":"Staroswiecki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118649428.ch2","volume-title":"Fault Detection and Isolation in Multisensor Systems","author":"Stoican","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2008.2004373","article-title":"A recurrent neural-network-based sensor and actuator fault detection and isolation for nonlinear systems with application to the satellite\u2019s attitude control subsystem","volume":"20","author":"Talebi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2009.2037498","article-title":"A model-based fault-detection and prediction scheme for nonlinear multivariable discrete-time systems with asymptotic stability guarantees","volume":"21","author":"Thumati","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref094","first-page":"361","article-title":"Bringing technologies for diagnosis","volume-title":"The 8th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes","author":"Trav\u00e9-Massuy\u00e8s","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.09.018","article-title":"Bridging control and artificial intelligence theories for diagnosis: A survey","volume":"27","author":"Trav\u00e9-Massuy\u00e8s","year":"2014","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2006.878984","article-title":"Diagnosability analysis based on component-supported analytical redundancy relations","volume":"36","author":"Trav\u00e9-Massuy\u00e8s","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/72.822513","article-title":"Automated fault diagnosis in nonlinear multivariable systems using a learning methodology","volume":"11","author":"Trunov","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033114225563600_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1109\/72.857766","article-title":"Analysis of input-output clustering for determining centers of RBFN","volume":"11","author":"Uykan","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-1354(97)00124-5","article-title":"Signed digraph based multiple fault diagnosis","volume":"21","author":"Vedam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Computers & Chemical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033114225563600_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/002071797223659","article-title":"Robust nonlinear fault diagnosis in input-output systems","volume":"68","author":"Vemuri","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-1354(02)00162-X","article-title":"A review of process fault detection and diagnosis Part I: Quantitative model-based methods","volume":"27","author":"Venkatasubramanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computers & Chemical Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-1354(02)00162-X","article-title":"A review of process fault detection and diagnosis Part II: Qualitative models and search strategies","volume":"27","author":"Venkatasubramanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computers & Chemical Engineering"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026033114225563600_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2004.02.018","article-title":"Nonlinear system fault diagnosis based on adaptive estimation","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2004.825983","article-title":"Residual generation for fault diagnosis in linear timevarying systems","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"2026033114225563600_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/acs.967","article-title":"Sensor fault detection and isolation for nonlinear systems based on a sliding mode observer","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033114225563600_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/00207170701536056","article-title":"Robust decentralized actuator fault detection and estimation for large-scale systems using a sliding mode observer","volume":"81","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033114225563600_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2009.2015079","article-title":"Recurrent neural networks training with stable bounding ellipsoid algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2013.04.006","article-title":"Distributed sensor fault diagnosis in a class of interconnected nonlinear uncertain systems","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Reviews in Control"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"2026033114225563600_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/rnc.3141","article-title":"Distributed sensor fault detection and isolation for multimachine power systems","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033114225563600_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2011.2112471","article-title":"Sensor bias fault detection and isolation in a class of nonlinear uncertain systems using adaptive estimation","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2026033114225563600_ref111","first-page":"4302","article-title":"Distributed fault detection and isolation in a class of large-scale nonlinear uncertain systems","volume-title":"The 18th IFAC World Congress","author":"Zhang","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033114225563600_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1109\/9.995036","article-title":"A robust detection and isolation scheme for abrupt and incipient faults in nonlinear systems","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026033114225563600_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2004.832201","article-title":"Adaptive fault-tolerant control of nonlinear uncertain systems: an information-based diagnostic approach","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033114225563600_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2005.843875","article-title":"Sensor bias fault isolation in a class of nonlinear systems","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033114225563600_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2008.03.007","article-title":"Design and analysis of a fault isolation scheme for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Reviews in Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033114225563600_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1109\/7.722715","article-title":"Detection and diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures using imm estimator","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026033114225563600_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2002.803552","article-title":"A note on observers for lipschitz nonlinear systems","volume":"47","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"}],"container-title":["Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Systems and Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftsys\/article-pdf\/3\/1-2\/1\/11154524\/2600000007en.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftsys\/article-pdf\/3\/1-2\/1\/11154524\/2600000007en.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:00:46Z","timestamp":1777489246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ftsys\/article\/3\/1-2\/1\/1332406\/Sensor-Fault-Diagnosis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/2600000007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-6818","2325-6826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-6818","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-6826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]}}}