{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:01:59Z","timestamp":1777777319164,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing popularity of Location-Based Services, allowing for the collection of huge amounts of information regarding users\u2019 locations, has started raising serious privacy concerns. In this survey we analyze the various kinds of privacy breaches that may arise in connection with the use of location-based services, and we consider and compare some of the mechanisms and the metrics that have been proposed to protect the user\u2019s privacy, focusing in particular on the comparison between probabilistic spatial obfuscation techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1561\/3300000017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T13:37:53Z","timestamp":1513085873000},"page":"199-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Methods for Location Privacy: A comparative overview"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Kostantinos","family":"Chatzikokolakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, University of Paris Saclay","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehab","family":"ElSalamouny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Suez Canal University ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catuscia","family":"Palamidessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRIA, University of Paris Saclay","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pazii","family":"Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRIA, University of Paris Saclay ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6221","key":"2026033014235429500_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1465","article-title":"Privacy and human behavior in the age of\n                        information.","volume":"347","author":"Alessandro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033014235429500_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1086\/671754","article-title":"What is privacy worth?","volume":"42","author":"Alessandro","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Legal Studies"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref003","first-page":"901","article-title":"Geo-indistinguishability: differential privacy for\n                        location-based systems.","author":"Miguel","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th\n                        ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2013)"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref004","first-page":"47","article-title":"Location privacy protection through obfuscation-based\n                        techniques.","author":"Claudio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. ofthe 21st Annual IFIP WG 11.3 Working Conference on Data and\n                        Applications Security (DAS)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033014235429500_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-003-0240-0","article-title":"Using gps to learn significant locations and predict movement\n                        across multiple users.","volume":"7","author":"Daniel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personal and Ubiquitous Computing"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref006","unstructured":"James Ball.\n          \n          Angry birds and \u2018leaky\u2019 phone apps targeted by NSA\n                        and GCHQ for user data.\n          The Guardian, January 27, 2014. http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/jan\/27\/nsa-gchq-smartphone-app-angry-birds-personal-data."},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref007","first-page":"237","article-title":"Supporting anonymous location queries in mobile environments\n                        with privacygrid.","author":"Bhuvan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. of the 17th International\n                       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        Their Knowledge, It\u2019s A Wake-Up Call About Facebook Privacy\n                        (Update), March 2012. http:\/\/www.cultofmac.com\/157641\/."},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref012","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing\n                        Technologies (PETS 2013)","author":"Konstantinos","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref013","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing\n                        Technologies (PETS 2014)","author":"Konstantinos"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033014235429500_ref014","first-page":"156","article-title":"Constructing elastic distinguishability metrics for location\n                        privacy.","author":"Konstantinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"PoPETs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033014235429500_ref015","first-page":"308","article-title":"Efficient utility improvement for location\n                        privacy.","author":"Kostantinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETs)"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref016","first-page":"638","article-title":"Differentially private sequential data publication via\n                        variable-length n-grams.","author":"Rui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer and\n                        Communications Security (CCS 2012)"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref017","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Privacy Enhancing\n                        Technologies (PET)","author":"Reynold","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033014235429500_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2013.11.005","article-title":"Location privacy: The challenges of mobile service\n                        devices.","volume":"30","author":"Anne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17885-1_136","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of GIS.","author":"Chi-Yin Chow","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033014235429500_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/2031331.2031335","article-title":"Trajectory privacy in location-based services and data\n                        publication.","volume":"13","author":"Chi-Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"SIGKDD Explorations"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033014235429500_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-009-0099-y","article-title":"Spatial cloaking for anonymous location-based services in\n                        mobile peer-to-peer environments.","volume":"15","author":"Chi-Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geoinformatica"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref022","article-title":"How much is location privacy worth?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual Workshop on the Economics of\n                        Information Security, (WEIS 2005)","author":"George","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref023","first-page":"03","article-title":"Unique in the crowd: The privacy bounds of human\n                        mobility.","volume":"3","author":"Yves-Alexandre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref024","first-page":"23","article-title":"Identification via location-profiling in gsm\n                        networks.","author":"Yoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM Workshop on\n                        Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2008)"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Local differential perturbations: Location privacy under\n                        approximate knowledge attackers.","volume":"99","author":"Rinku","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref026","article-title":"Tinder dating app was sharing more of users\u2019 location data\n                        than they realised.","author":"Stuart","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref027","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Proc. of the Third International\n                        Conference on Pervasive Computing (PERVASIVE), volume 3468 of Lecture Notes\n                        in Computer Science","author":"Matt","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref028","first-page":"1","volume-title":"33rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and\n                        Programming (ICALP 2006), volume 4052 of Lecture Notes in Computer\n                        Science","author":"Cynthia","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref029","first-page":"371","article-title":"Differential privacy and robust statistics.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of\n  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A Tribute to Pracash Panangaden, volume 8464\n                        of Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Ehab","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref033","article-title":"Optimal noise functions for location privacy on continuous\n                        regions.","volume-title":"International Journal of Information Security","author":"Ehab","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref034","first-page":"753","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th USENIX Security Symposium, (USENIX Security\n                        2015)","author":"Kassem","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref035","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on\n                        Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2014)","author":"Kassem","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026033014235429500_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2014.04.024","article-title":"De-anonymization attack on geolocated data.","volume":"80","author":"S\u00e9bastien Gambs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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Comput.","author":"Bugra","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref039","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Proceedings ofthe 41st annual ACM\n                        Symposium on Theory ofComputing (STOC)","author":"Arpita","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref040","first-page":"390","volume-title":"Proceedings ofthe 7th International Conference on Pervasive\n                        Computing (Pervasive 2009), volume 5538 of Lecture Notes in Computer\n                        Science","author":"Philippe","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref041","article-title":"Anonymous usage of location-based services through spatial\n                        and temporal cloaking.","volume-title":"Proc. of the First\n                        International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services\n                        (MobiSys).","author":"Marco","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref042","first-page":"179","author":"Marco","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref043","first-page":"17","article-title":"Differential privacy for location pattern\n                        mining.","volume-title":"Proceedings ofthe 4th ACM SIGSPATIAL\n                        International Workshop on Security and Privacy in GIS and LBS\n                        (SPRINGL)","author":"Shen-Shyang","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref044","first-page":"125","article-title":"Cartel: A distributed mobile sensor computing\n                        system.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International\n                        Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","author":"Bret","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref045","unstructured":"Mobile data challenge dataset\n          .\n                        https:\/\/www.idiap.ch\/dataset\/mdc."},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref046","first-page":"239","article-title":"Human mobility modeling at metropolitan\n                        scales.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International\n                        Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","author":"Sibren","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref047","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Using global positioning system data to understand variations\n                        in path choice.","volume-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal ofthe Transportation Research\n                        Board","author":"Oliver","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref048","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Pervasive\n                        Computing (Pervasive 2007), volume 4480 of Lecture Notes in Computer\n                        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traces.","author":"Chris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual\n                        International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, (MOBICOM\n                        2010)"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref053","first-page":"277","article-title":"Privacy: Theory meets practice on the map.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Data\n                        Engineering, ICDE 2008, April 7-12, 2008, Canc\u00fan,\n                        M\u00e9xico","author":"Ashwin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033014235429500_ref054","article-title":"l-diversity: Privacy beyond k-anonymity.","volume":"1","author":"Ashwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD)"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref055","unstructured":"Microsoft Research\n           (2012)\n                        GeoLife trajectories (v. 1.3) . 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International Conference on World Wide Web"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref098","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Annual IEEE\n                        International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications\n                        (PerCom)","author":"Ge","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026033014235429500_ref099","unstructured":"Kathryn\n              Zickuhr\n            \n          .\n                        Pew research center: Internet & technology -\n                        location-based services, September2013. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2013\/09\/12\/location-based-services\/."}],"container-title":["Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and 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