{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T06:04:16Z","timestamp":1784009056624,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Shared Science Publishers OG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title id=\"abstract-title-5b9e3a4796a62eb8c706b57257N65787\">Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p id=\"paragraph-5b9e3a4796a62eb8c706b57258N65789\">\n                    Our immune system is constantly exposed to fungi, but it mounts a consistent, disease-related, and species-specific inflammatory response only against a few fungal species. Most of the current understanding of fungus-host interactions is based on a limited number of strains, hence neglecting the fungal intra-specific genetic and phenotypic diversity. To expand our knowledge of the spectrum of immune responses to pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, we compared the cytokine and transcriptional profiles of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells exposed to\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. The tested species triggered common and species-specific responses, mostly resulting from the different timing of signaling pathways. Faster phagolysosome acidification was observed for pathogenic species. These results highlight the urgency to redraw the boundaries between pathogenicity and commensalism in fungi, shining a spotlight on the timing of the response, rather than solely on the genes triggered by the stimuli.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2026.07.882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:13:38Z","timestamp":1784006018000},"page":"282-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The transcriptome of dendritic cells redraws the boundaries between pathogenicity and commensalism in yeast"],"prefix":"10.15698","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Rizzetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Stefanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Nenciarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Di Paola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Riccadonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo G.","family":"Gut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duccio","family":"Cavalieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6394","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"b008c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01261","article-title":"The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors","volume":"9","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"b00940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0462-4","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in antifungal immunity","volume":"37","author":"Plato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"b009b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02337","article-title":"Editorial: Immunity to Human Fungal Pathogens: Mechanisms of Host Recognition, Protection, Pathology, and Fungal Interference","volume":"9","author":"Templeton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"b00a2d","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.905867","article-title":"T cell responses to control fungal infection in an immunological memory lens","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"b00a98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.699645","article-title":"Fungal Chitin Induces Trained Immunity in Human Monocytes during Cross-talk of the Host with Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"291","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"b00bb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.06.015","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses to fungi in the airway","volume":"142","author":"Bartemes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"b00c1a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3897","article-title":"Immune defence against Candida fungal infections","volume":"15","author":"Netea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"b00ca7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2939","article-title":"Immunity to fungal infections","volume":"11","author":"Romani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"b00d00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042430","article-title":"The modular nature of dendritic cell responses to commensal and pathogenic fungi","volume":"7","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"b00da2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.07.007","article-title":"Friend or foe: using systems biology to elucidate interactions between fungi and their hosts","volume":"19","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"b00e08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7010011","article-title":"Modulation of the Fungal-Host Interaction by the Intra-Species Diversity of C. albicans","volume":"7","author":"Braunsdorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"b00e6c","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01997","article-title":"Genomic and Phenotypic Variation in Morphogenetic Networks of Two Candida albicans Isolates Subtends Their Different Pathogenic Potential","volume":"8","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"b00f8f","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003315","article-title":"Differential adaptation of Candida albicans in vivo modulates immune recognition by dectin-1","volume":"9","author":"Marakalala","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"b010b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056651","article-title":"Strain dependent variation of immune responses to A. fumigatus: definition of pathogenic species","volume":"8","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"b01148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.2","article-title":"The intraspecies diversity of C. albicans triggers qualitatively and temporally distinct host responses that determine the balance between commensalism and pathogenicity","volume":"10","author":"Sch\u00f6nherr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"b0124c","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14422","article-title":"Population genomics reveals evolution and variation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the human and insects gut","volume":"21","author":"Ramazzotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"b01341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/87974","article-title":"Whole recombinant yeast vaccine activates dendritic cells and elicits protective cell-mediated immunity","volume":"7","author":"Stubbs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"46","key":"b01402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.09.011","article-title":"Schizosaccharomyces pombe: a novel transport vehicle of functional DNA and mRNA into mammalian antigen-presenting cells","volume":"32","author":"Walch-R\u00fcckheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"b01475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902972","article-title":"Differential IL-17 production and mannan recognition contribute to fungal pathogenicity and commensalism","volume":"184","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"b01543","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.12.002","article-title":"Human dendritic cell maturation and activation by a heat-killed recombinant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) vector encoding carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"27","author":"Remondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"7","key":"b015ea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.55","article-title":"C-type lectin receptors in the control of T helper cell differentiation","volume":"16","author":"Geijtenbeek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"b01650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.10.1661","article-title":"Dendritic Cells Discriminate between Yeasts and Hyphae of the Fungus Candida albicans: Implications for Initiation of T Helper Cell Immunity in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"191","author":"d\u2019Ostiani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"b01707","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01199.x","article-title":"The allergenic yeast Malassezia furfur induces maturation of human dendritic cells","volume":"31","author":"Buentke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"b017a1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-017-0528-8","article-title":"Maturation and cytokine pattern of human dendritic cells in response to different yeasts","volume":"207","author":"Bazan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"13","key":"b01821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110567","article-title":"Pathogen size alters C-type lectin receptor signaling in dendritic cells to influence CD4 Th9 cell differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"b018d0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00085","article-title":"An Interspecies Regulatory Network Inferred from Simultaneous RNA-seq of Candida albicans Invading Innate Immune Cells","volume":"3","author":"Tierney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"b0198b","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics of Aspergillus fumigatus strains upon exposure to human airway epithelial cells","volume":"4","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"2","key":"b01a2d","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006033","article-title":"Resolving host-pathogen interactions by dual RNA-seq","volume":"13","author":"Westermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"27","key":"b01a9b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11079","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302094110","article-title":"Reversion of a fungal genetic code alteration links proteome instability with genomic and phenotypic diversification","volume":"110","author":"Bezerra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"b01bb7","article-title":"Comparative immunophenotyping of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida spp. strains from Crohn\u2019s disease patients and their interactions with the gut microbiome","volume":"3","author":"Di\u00a0Paola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"issue":"6","key":"b01c8a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.021","article-title":"Sec22b regulates phagosomal maturation and antigen crosspresentation by dendritic cells","volume":"147","author":"Cebrian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"b01d58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2017.06.007","article-title":"VAMP8-mediated NOX2 recruitment to endosomes is necessary for antigen release","volume":"96","author":"Dingjan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"b01df2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031515","article-title":"Pathogen-Induced Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization: A Critical Interface Between Host Defense and Cell Death","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"b01e7c","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13215","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in dendritic cell biology","volume":"317","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"b01ee2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1393799","article-title":"SOCS1 and SOCS3 as key checkpoint molecules in the immune responses associated to skin inflammation and malignant transformation","volume":"15","author":"Morelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"b01f4d","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-018-0886-9","article-title":"The evidence for fungus in Crohn\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"b01fc0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.002","article-title":"Uncoupling of IL-6 signaling and LC3-associated phagocytosis drives immunoparalysis during sepsis","volume":"29","author":"Akoumianaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"b020f6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.006","article-title":"Patterns, Receptors, and Signals: Regulation of Phagosome Maturation","volume":"38","author":"Pauwels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"b02176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.601072","article-title":"Cathepsins in Bacteria-Macrophage Interaction: Defenders or Victims of Circumstance?","volume":"10","author":"Szulc-D\u0105browska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"b021ee","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22295","article-title":"The role of dendritic cells in the innate recognition of pathogenic fungi (A. fumigatus, C. neoformans and C. albicans)","volume":"3","author":"Ramirez-Ortiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"12","key":"b02258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05626-11","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9 modulates macrophage antifungal effector function during innate recognition of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"79","author":"Kasperkovitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"b022f2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00096110","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus conidia induce interferon-\u03b2 signalling in respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"39","author":"Beisswenger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"b02368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2343","article-title":"Functional genomics identifies type I interferon pathway as central for host defense against Candida albicans","volume":"4","author":"Smeekens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"b024cc","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Members of the Candida parapsilosis Complex and Candida albicans are Differentially Recognized by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells","volume":"6","author":"Estrada-Mata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"b0257a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-012-0109-7","article-title":"Role of the Fungal Cell Wall in Pathogenesis and Antifungal Resistance","volume":"6","author":"D\u00edaz-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Fungal Infect Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"b025fa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.55","article-title":"Fungal dysbiosis: immunity and interactions at mucosal barriers","volume":"17","author":"Iliev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"b02660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-97","article-title":"MyD88: a central player in innate immune signaling","volume":"6","author":"Deguine","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"b026c0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3109\/13693781003621575","article-title":"Variable recognition of Candida albicans strains by TLR4 and lectin recognition receptors","volume":"48","author":"Netea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"b0275a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.07.021","article-title":"Both TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the recognition of Candida albicans. Reply to \u201cTLR2, but not TLR4, triggers cytokine production by murine cells in response to Candida albicans yeasts and hyphae\u201d by Gil and Gozalbo, Microbes and Infection 8 (2006) 2823-2824","volume":"8","author":"Netea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"b027d1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1014270","article-title":"The role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate recognition of Candida albicans","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"6","key":"b0285e","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802113","article-title":"Chitin is a size-dependent regulator of macrophage TNF and IL-10 production","volume":"182","author":"Da\u00a0Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"b028f8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27114","article-title":"Immune sensing of Candida albicans requires cooperative recognition of mannans and glucans by lectin and Toll-like receptors","volume":"116","author":"Netea","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"b02a55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004050","article-title":"Fungal chitin dampens inflammation through IL-10 induction mediated by NOD2 and TLR9 activation","volume":"10","author":"Wagener","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"b02b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.12.004","article-title":"Inhibition of IL-6 family cytokines by SOCS3","volume":"26","author":"Babon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"b02bb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MR0621-616RR","article-title":"Role of IL-6 in dendritic cell functions","volume":"111","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Leukocy Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"b02c38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R36","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-4-r36","article-title":"TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"b02ccf","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq\u2013a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"b02d42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"b02db5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"issue":"1","key":"b02e1b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"b02e8e","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"}],"container-title":["Microbial Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/microbialcell.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026a-rizzetto-microbial-cell.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:13:45Z","timestamp":1784006025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/microbialcell.com\/researcharticles\/2026a-rizzetto-microbial-cell"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15698\/mic2026.07.882","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-2638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2311-2638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}