{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T19:02:06Z","timestamp":1769108526619,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey's Chesapeake Bay study","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Priority Ecosystems Program"},{"name":"West Virginia Division of Natural Resources and Department of Environmental Protection"},{"name":"Virginia Departments of Game and Inland Fisheries and Environmental Quality"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006469","name":"U.S. Army Corp of Engineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Intersex, or the presence of characteristics of both sexes, in fishes that are normally gonochoristic has been used as an indicator of exposure to estrogenic compounds. In 2003, during health assessments conducted in response to kills and a high prevalence of skin lesions observed in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in the South Branch of the Potomac River, the presence of immature oocytes within testes was noted. To evaluate this condition, a severity index (0\u20134) was developed based on the distribution of oocytes within the testes. Using gonad samples collected from 2003 to 2005, the number of histologic sections needed to accurately detect the condition in mature smallmouth bass was statistically evaluated. The reliability of detection depended on the severity index and the number of sections examined. Examining five transverse sections taken along the length of the gonad resulted in a greater than 90% probability of detecting testicular oocytes when the severity index exceeded 0.5. Using the severity index we compared smallmouth bass collected at selected sites within the South Branch during three seasons in 2004. Seasonal differences in severity and prevalence were observed. The highest prevalence and severity were consistently noted during the prespawn\u2013spawning season, when compared with the postspawn season. In 2005, smallmouth bass were collected at selected out-of-basin sites in West Virginia where fish kills and external skin lesions have not been reported, as well as at sites in the Shenandoah River, Virginia (part of the Potomac drainage), where kills and lesions occurred in 2004\u20132005. The prevalence of testicular oocytes is discussed in terms of human population and agricultural intensity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1577\/h07-031.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,2]],"date-time":"2009-03-02T17:36:48Z","timestamp":1236015408000},"page":"242-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Intersex (Testicular Oocytes) in Smallmouth Bass from the Potomac River and Selected Nearby Drainages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"V. S.","family":"Blazer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. R.","family":"Iwanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. D.","family":"Iwanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Aquatic Ecology Branch, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Aquatic Ecology Branch, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. D.","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, 1 Depot Street, Romney, West Virginia, 26757, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. W.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, Post Office Box 9, Apple Grove, West Virginia, 25502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Reeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, 517 Lee Highway, Verona, Virginia, 24482, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Allen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620180827","article-title":"Survey of estrogenic activity in United Kingdom estuarine and coastal waters and its effects on gonadal development of the flounder Platichthys flesus","volume":"18","author":"Allen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Anderson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500310001619293","article-title":"Biochemical and toxicopathic biomarkers assessed in smallmouth bass recovered from a polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated river","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Aravindakshan1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh042","article-title":"Consequences of xenoestrogen exposure on male reproductive function in spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius)","volume":"78","author":"Aravindakshan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Balch1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.02.100","article-title":"Developmental effects in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to nonylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products","volume":"62","author":"Balch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Baldigo1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-006-0831-8","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, and potential endocrine disruption in fish from the Hudson River, New York, USA","volume":"68","author":"Baldigo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquatic Sciences"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Barnhoorn1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20068","article-title":"Histological evidence of intersex in feral sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from an estrogen-polluted water source in Gauteng, South Africa","volume":"19","author":"Barnhoorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Bateman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1897\/03-541.1","article-title":"A ranking system for the evaluation of intersex condition in European flounder (Platichthys flesus)","volume":"23","author":"Bateman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Bjerregaard1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.05.018","article-title":"Intersex in wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) from Danish sewage effluent-receiving streams","volume":"64","author":"Bjerregaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Brian1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1021\/es0617439","article-title":"Evidence of estrogenic mixture effects on the reproductive performance of fish","volume":"41","author":"Brian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Brion1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.01.022","article-title":"Impacts of 17\u03b2-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval, juvenile- and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"68","author":"Brion","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicology"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Chambers1","volume-title":"U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report 2006\u20131393","author":"Chambers","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-DeMetrio1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(02)00233-3","article-title":"Evidence of a high percentage of intersex in the Mediterranean swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.)","volume":"46","author":"De Metrio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2025011310443744100_i1548-8667-19-4-242-Desbrow1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1021\/es9707973","article-title":"Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluents. 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