{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:07:41Z","timestamp":1790273261728,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lake County Water Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Since the early 1900s, the lakes of the Ocklawaha basin in central Florida have experienced ecological degradation due to anthropogenic development. One species affected by this degradation is the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis, which has suffered from poor clutch viability and embryo mortality. Although some studies indicate that organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) may be involved, OCPs do not account for all of the variation seen in hatch rates. Indeed, nutrition and non-OCP contaminants have been associated with developmental problems in fish and birds. Our study evaluated embryo mortality in alligators at reference and OCP-contaminated sites as a function of exposure to OCPs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), along with egg nutrients (Zn, Se, and vitamins A, E, and B1). The four-pronged study consisted of a case-control cohort study, an expanded field study, a topical egg treatment thiamine amelioration experiment, and a topical egg treatment thiamine antagonist experiment. The results from the two field studies suggested that the total thiamine levels in the eggs were positively associated with clutch viability and negatively associated with the lipid content and certain OCPs measured in egg yolks. In addition, PCBs, PAHs, Zn, Se, and vitamins A and E were not found to be associated with the observed clutch viability defects. The thiamine levels in the eggs explained 38% of the variation in clutch survival in the case-control cohort study and 27% in the expanded field study. The topical egg treatment experiments were successful in elevating the thiamine concentrations in the albumin but not the yolk. No significant differences were noted among treatment groups in either egg treatment experiment with respect to clutch survival. In summary, thiamine egg concentrations explain some of the variation in the clutch viability of free-ranging alligators, but the cause\u2013effect relationships are still unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1577\/h07-051.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,14]],"date-time":"2009-12-14T21:18:54Z","timestamp":1260825534000},"page":"249-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nutrient and Organochlorine Pesticide Concentrations in American Alligator Eggs and Their Associations with Clutch Viability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"R. Heath","family":"Rauschenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 7915 Baymeadows Way, Suite 200, Jacksonville, Florida, 32256, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon J.","family":"Wiebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 2415 Darnall Road, New Iberia, Louisiana, 70560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Wiebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 2415 Darnall Road, New Iberia, Louisiana, 70560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale C.","family":"Honeyfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, 176 Straight Run Road, Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, 16901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy S.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Post Office Box 100144, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011310462768500_i1548-8667-21-4-249-Akerman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(97)00098-6","article-title":"Studies with oxythiamine to mimic reproduction disorders among fish early life stages","volume":"46","author":"Akerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2025011310462768500_i1548-8667-21-4-249-Ashworth1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1220527","article-title":"Micronutrient programming of development throughout gestation","volume":"122","author":"Ashworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2025011310462768500_i1548-8667-21-4-249-Brown1","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Early life stage mortality syndrome in fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea","author":"Brown","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025011310462768500_i1548-8667-21-4-249-Clarke1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050050202","article-title":"The habits and embryology of the American alligator","volume":"5","author":"Clarke","year":"1891","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"2025011310462768500_i1548-8667-21-4-249-deRoode1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620211120","article-title":"Embryotoxic potential of persistent organic pollutants extracted from tissues of guillemots (Uria aalge) from the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"21","author":"de Roode","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025011310462768500_i1548-8667-21-4-249-deRoode2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00009-4","article-title":"Effects of furazolidone, PCB77, PCB126, Aroclor 1248, paraquat and p,p\u2032-DDE on transketolase activity in embryonal chicken brain","volume":"173","author":"de Roode","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2025011310462768500_i1548-8667-21-4-249-Ferguson1","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia, volume 14. 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