{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:31:34Z","timestamp":1768483894089,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Florida Wildlife Cooperative Unit"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"St. John's River Water Management District"},{"name":"Lake County Water Authority"},{"name":"Wildlife Foundation of Florida"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Adult mortality and low egg hatch rate were observed among American alligators Alligator mississippiensis in Lake Griffin, Florida, between 1998 and 2003. Previous studies show that the alligator mortality is due to neurological impairment associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. This study determined the rate of thiaminase activity in gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, a fish often eaten by alligators, and examined the thiamine status of captive adult alligators fed only gizzard shad. We found that the thiaminase activity of gizzard shad in Lake Griffin is 16,409 \u00b1 2,121 pmol\/g\/min (mean \u00b1 2SEs). This high rate of thiaminase activity was present in most months and across a wide range of shad sizes. Seven alligators were captured in the wild from Lake Griffin and Lake Woodruff, held in captivity, and fed gizzard shad. We monitored blood and muscle thiamine levels throughout the experiment and liver thiamine at the end. Over a period of 6\u201312 months, all of the alligators maintained weight but blood and muscle thiamine levels decreased to 25\u201350% of the original (healthy) values. Three animals with the greatest reduction in thiamine died, demonstrating mobility impairment and neural histopathology similar to those seen in wild alligators in Lake Griffin. Two alligators were fed shad for 10 months but then treated with thiamine. These animals showed a reduction in thiamine while eating shad, but treatment restored their thiamine levels to the initial values, which were comparable to those of normal wild Lake Griffin alligators. We demonstrated that thiamine deficiency can be induced by a diet of gizzard shad and cause neurological signs and death in alligators in captivity. We conclude that the thiaminase activity in gizzard shad is high enough to cause thiamine deficiency in wild alligators when shad are a major part of their diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1577\/h08-002.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,14]],"date-time":"2009-12-14T21:18:54Z","timestamp":1260825534000},"page":"239-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gizzard Shad Thiaminase Activity and Its Effect on the Thiamine Status of Captive American Alligators <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"J. Perran","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Conservation and Ecology, University of Florida, Post Office Box 110430, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dale C.","family":"Honeyfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, 176 Straight Run Road, Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, 16901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Rice","family":"Waddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Welker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama 35294 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trenton R.","family":"Schoeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011310475490200_i1548-8667-21-4-239-Brown1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1577\/H04-059.1","article-title":"Thiamine status in adult salmonines in the Great Lakes","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2025011310475490200_i1548-8667-21-4-239-Brown2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Early life stage mortality syndrome in fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea","author":"Brown","year":"1998"},{"issue":"(1999)","key":"2025011310475490200_i1548-8667-21-4-239-Delany1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Diet and condition of American alligators in 4 Florida lakes","volume":"53","author":"Delany","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Fish and Wildlife 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