{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:43:06Z","timestamp":1791567786264,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Aquatic Biology and Aquaculture"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004807","name":"California Department of Fish and Game","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV2) has been associated with epidemic mortality among cultured populations of goldfish Carassius auratus. As the principal target tissues are hematopoietic cells in the kidney and spleen, the disease is designated herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN). Originally described from Japan, the virus is present in at least five other countries and probably has a global distribution in goldfish. Preventing the further spread of the virus via control programs that exploit sensitive viral detection methods is critical. We developed a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test based on unique sequences found in the putative helicase gene of CyHV2 and completed initial steps toward the validation of this test. The helicase CyHV2 PCR has an analytic sensitivity of at least 78 copies of the target sequence per reaction in serially diluted plasmid and 84 copies\/\u03bcg of DNA from the kidney and spleen of goldfish experimentally infected with CyHV2. The analytic specificity of the helicase CyHV2 PCR was demonstrated by the lack of amplification of genomic DNA from cyprinid herpesvirus 1, cyprinid herpesvirus 3, and ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (IcHV1). The helicase CyHV2 PCR effectively detected DNA from CyHV2 from goldfish over a broad geographic range, including Japan, California, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The performance of the helicase CyHV2 PCR was compared with that of the previously described real-time TaqMan PCR for CyHV2 on a set of 37 samples of DNA from goldfish after experimental or natural exposure to CyHV2. The two tests had very strong agreement (kappa coefficient = 0.907) in classifying fish as positive or negative for CyHV2. The helicase CyHV2 PCR therefore complements the real-time PCR test as a conventional diagnostic method for preventing the further spread of CyHV2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1577\/h08-045.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,9]],"date-time":"2009-04-09T17:46:03Z","timestamp":1239299163000},"page":"60-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Detect Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 in Goldfish"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Waltzek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomofumi","family":"Kurobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture\/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, 71601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald P.","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Bercovier1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-5-13","article-title":"Cloning of the koi herpesvirus (KHV) gene encoding thymidine kinase and its use for a highly sensitive PCR-based diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Bercovier","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Chang1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.34.209","article-title":"Epizootic of herpes-like virus infection in goldfish, Carassius auratus in Taiwan","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fish Pathology"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Davison1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00492-8","article-title":"Evolution of the herpesviruses","volume":"86","author":"Davison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Dunn1","volume-title":"Clinical biostatistics: an introduction to evidence-based medicine","author":"Dunn","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-ElMatbouli1","first-page":"792","article-title":"Detection of cyprinid herpesvirus type 3 in goldfish cohabiting with CyHV3-infected koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi)","volume":"161","author":"El-Matbouli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Goodwin1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1577\/H05-007.1","article-title":"Goldfish hematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus (cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in the USA: molecular confirmation of isolates from diseased fish","volume":"18","author":"Goodwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Goodwin2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3354\/dao069137","article-title":"Detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method","volume":"69","author":"Goodwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Groff1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000415","article-title":"A viral epizootic in cultured populations of juvenile goldfish due to a putative herpesvirus etiology","volume":"10","author":"Groff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Haenen1","first-page":"293","article-title":"The emergence of koi herpesvirus and its significance to European aquaculture","volume":"24","author":"Haenen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Hedrick1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Initial isolation and characterization of a herpes-like virus (KHV) from koi and common carp","volume":"2","author":"Hedrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bulletin of Fisheries Research Agency"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Hedrick2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2000)012<0044:AHAWMM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A herpesvirus associated with mass mortality of juvenile and adult koi, a strain of a common carp","volume":"12","author":"Hedrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Hedrick3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1577\/H05-028.1","article-title":"Susceptibility of koi carp, common carp, goldfish, and goldfish \u00d7 common carp hybrids to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3","volume":"18","author":"Hedrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Jeffrey1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2007.00847.x","article-title":"Isolation of a cyprinid herpesvirus 2 from goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), in the UK","volume":"30","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Diseases"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Jung1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00296.x","article-title":"Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.)","volume":"18","author":"Jung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Diseases"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Katoh1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki198","article-title":"MAFFT, version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignments","volume":"33","author":"Katoh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Li1","first-page":"12","article-title":"In vitro culture of goldfish cells sensitive to goldfish herpesvirus","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Sadler1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2007.00830.x","article-title":"Detection of koi herpesvirus (CyHV3) in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), exposed to infected koi","volume":"31","author":"Sadler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Diseases"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Sonstegard1","first-page":"863","article-title":"Herpes virus\u2013associated epidermal hyperplasia in fish (carp)","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses","author":"Sonstegard"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Stephens1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12650.x","article-title":"Haematopoietic necrosis in a goldfish (Carassius auratus) associated with an agent morphologically similar to herpesvirus","volume":"82","author":"Stephens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Thompson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple-sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties, and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Waltzek1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80982-0","article-title":"Koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV3) in the family Herpesviridae","volume":"86","author":"Waltzek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"2025011310424034000_i1548-8667-21-1-60-Whittington1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.04.007","article-title":"Global trade in ornamental fish from an Australian perspective: the case for revised import risk analysis and management strategies","volume":"81","author":"Whittington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article-pdf\/21\/1\/60\/60978948\/aah0060.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article-pdf\/21\/1\/60\/60978948\/aah0060.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T10:54:33Z","timestamp":1736765673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article\/21\/1\/60\/7822015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1577\/h08-045.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-7659","1548-8667"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-7659","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-8667","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]}}}