{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:33:30Z","timestamp":1777703610120,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> To demonstrate that the Snow Snorkel can be used safely by healthy volunteers buried in snow for up to 1\u2009hour. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Nine healthy male volunteers were placed in a shoulder-width trench and buried with snow to a depth of 30 to 40\u2009cm. The study was divided into 2 stages. The first stage (Stage 1) was performed with the Snow Snorkel in operation (60-minute duration) and was then followed by a second stage (Stage 2) (15-minute duration) when the device was removed. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), axillary temperature (T), and 3-lead electrocardiography (ECG) were monitored throughout the study. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Of the 9\u2009vol.nteers who were enrolled, 7 were able to complete Stage 1, while only 3 were able to complete Stage 2. In those who completed Stage 1, the mean HR fell by 14.1 beats\/min ( P\u2009=\u2009.002), while RR ( P\u2009=\u2009.5) and SaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ( P\u2009=\u2009.7) remained unchanged compared to baseline measurements. There were no changes in T or ECG. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> Simple systems such as the Snow Snorkel are effective during snow burial and warrant further investigation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1580\/08-weme-br-183.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]],"date-time":"2011-02-10T14:06:41Z","timestamp":1297346801000},"page":"61-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Snow Snorkel: A Proof of Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Windsor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Altitude, Space and Extreme Environment Medicine (CASE), Institute of Human Health and Performance, Charterhouse Building, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London, N19 5LW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Altitude, Space and Extreme Environment Medicine (CASE), Institute of Human Health and Performance, Charterhouse Building, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London, N19 5LW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Grocott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Altitude, Space and Extreme Environment Medicine (CASE), Institute of Human Health and Performance, Charterhouse Building, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London, N19 5LW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"O\u2019Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Milledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Altitude, Space and Extreme Environment Medicine (CASE), Institute of Human Health and Performance, Charterhouse Building, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London, N19 5LW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08-WEME-BR-183.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368021a0"},{"key":"bibr2-08-WEME-BR-183.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.17.2266"},{"key":"bibr3-08-WEME-BR-183.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(2001)012[0256:NOAVDS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"bibr4-08-WEME-BR-183.1","unstructured":"Black Diamond AvaLung Accidents. Available at: http:\/\/www.avalung.com. Accessed September 1, 2008."},{"key":"bibr5-08-WEME-BR-183.1","volume-title":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care","author":"Yentis S.M.","year":"2000","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1080603209700857?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1080603209700857?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1580\/08-WEME-BR-183.1","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1580\/08-WEME-BR-183.1","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1580\/08-WEME-BR-183.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T08:19:13Z","timestamp":1741681153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1580\/08-WEME-BR-183.1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1580\/08-WEME-BR-183.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1580\/08-weme-br-183.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6032","1545-1534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6032","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1534","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}