{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:57:43Z","timestamp":1781593063611,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The global problem of venomous snakebite continues to attract attention despite it being described as a \u201cneglected\u201d issue. The current focus of the World Health Organization (WHO) remains anti\u2013 snake venom quality, although \u201cavailability and sustainability\u201d of supply are consistently described as the key issues. Sustainability of antivenom supply has been elusive, with cost and pricing in developing countries being cited as the major reasons. The current WHO approach fails to explore the cost issue, but rather focuses on quality improvements, which may well adversely affect the costs of a product already perceived to be \u2018unaffordable.\u2019 The reference to cost and price indicates a marketing-based perspective may well give more relevant solutions to the snakebite crisis. This paper introduces a marketing model to examine global snakebite and to identify if the current approach is relevant and effective. The \u201c4 Ps\u201d model examines if the correct products are available, whether sufficient information exists concerning estimated market size, whether the assumptions frequently made about the costs of the product are correct and fully understood, if the product is promoted properly, and whether the method by which the product reaches the end user is optimum. The resulting analysis demonstrates that the current approach is characterized by a misunderstanding of the nature of the global snakebite problem. Further, a lack of implementation of key solutions, such as training doctors in developing countries with relevant protocols, has inevitably led to a lack of improvement in the snakebite arena over the last 30 years. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1580\/08-weme-con-263.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]],"date-time":"2011-02-10T14:06:41Z","timestamp":1297346801000},"page":"43-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Global Snakebite Crisis\u2014A Public Health Issue Misunderstood, Not Neglected"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Medical Research Council and the Tamil Nadu Government Snakebite Taskforce"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08-WEME-CON-263.1","volume-title":"Rabies and Envenomings: A Neglected Public Health Issue","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr2-08-WEME-CON-263.1","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1981","journal-title":"WHO Offset Publ"},{"key":"bibr3-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.2000.0257"},{"key":"bibr4-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00393-8"},{"key":"bibr5-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1993.tb141345.x"},{"key":"bibr6-08-WEME-CON-263.1","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons","author":"Warrell D.A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr7-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(03)00098-9"},{"key":"bibr8-08-WEME-CON-263.1","first-page":"83","volume":"40","author":"Muguti G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"bibr9-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-3-199608010-00012"},{"key":"bibr10-08-WEME-CON-263.1","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Warrell D.A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"SE Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"bibr11-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143762.x"},{"key":"bibr12-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066604265799"},{"key":"bibr13-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2026.2003.00492.x"},{"key":"bibr14-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540180064034"},{"key":"bibr15-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120021112"},{"key":"bibr16-08-WEME-CON-263.1","volume-title":"Snake Venoms and Envenomations","author":"Chippaux J.P.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr17-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030150"},{"key":"bibr18-08-WEME-CON-263.1","first-page":"173","volume":"25","author":"Stock R.P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bibr19-08-WEME-CON-263.1","first-page":"23","volume":"22","author":"Fry B.G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"bibr20-08-WEME-CON-263.1","volume-title":"Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach","author":"McCarthy E.J.","year":"1960"},{"key":"bibr21-08-WEME-CON-263.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.09.014"},{"key":"bibr22-08-WEME-CON-263.1","unstructured":"South African Vaccine Producers. 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