{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:24:58Z","timestamp":1770971098547,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Expert Review of Vaccines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2.1.129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,13]],"date-time":"2005-01-13T11:27:30Z","timestamp":1105615650000},"page":"129-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Contemporary approaches to designing and evaluating vaccines against Chlamydia"],"prefix":"10.1586","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Joseph U","family":"Igietseme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Immunology Chief, Molecular Pathogenesis laboratory, National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis O","family":"Eko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn M","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bush PM Everett KD. Molecular evolution of Chlamydiaceae. int. j Syst. Evol M'crobiol. 51(1) 203\u2013220 (2001).","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-1-203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everett KD Bush PM Andersen AA. Emended description of the order Chlamycliales proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov. each containing one monotypic genus revised taxonomy of family Chlamydiaceae including new genus and five new species and standards for the identification of organisms. Lit. J. Syst. Bacteriol 49(2) 415\u2013440 (1999).","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schachter J Stephens RS Timms P eta]. Radical changes to chlamyclial taxonomy are not necessary just yet. Lit. j Syst. Evol Mcrobiol 51(1) 251\u2013253 (2001).","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-1-251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephens RS Tarn MR Kuo C-C Nowinski RC. Monodonal antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis: antibody specificities and antigen characterization. J. Immunol 128 1083\u20131089 (1982).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.128.3.1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"817","article-title":"GK Schoolnik","volume":"167","author":"Stephens RS","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stephens RS, EA Wagar, GK Schoolnik. High-resolution mapping of specific and and common antigenic determinants of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. J. Exp. Med. 167, 817\u2013831 (1988).","journal-title":"High-resolution mapping of specific and and common antigenic determinants of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Rasmussen S etal","volume":"184","author":"Bain DL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bain DL, Lietman T, Rasmussen S etal. Chlamyclial genovar distribution after communitywide antibiotic treatment. J. Infect. Dis. 184, 1581\u20131588 (2001).","journal-title":"Chlamyclial genovar distribution after communitywide antibiotic treatment. J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandea CI Kubotaa K Brown TM etal. Typing of Chlamydia trachomatisstrains from urine samples by amplification and sequencing the major outer membrane protein (ompl) . Sex. Tmnsm. Infect. 77(6) 419\u2013422 (2001).","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.6.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.2.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes LI Pecharatana Bailey S. PL et al. Extent and kinetics of genetic change in the ompl gene of Chlamydia trachomatisin two villages with endemic trachoma. J. Infect. Dir. 172(1) 268\u2013272 (1995).","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.1.268"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyashita N Fukano H Hara H eta]. Recurrent pneumonia due to persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Intern. Med. 41(1) 30\u201333 (2002).","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.41.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Schachter J. Infection and disease epidemiology. In: Chlamydia: intracellular biology pathogenesis and immunity Stephens RS (Ed.). ASM Washington DC USA (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdi OS Byrne GI Kalayoglu M. Emerging strategies in the diagnosis prevention and treatment of chlamyclial infections. Expert Opin. Therapeutic Patents 11(8) 1253\u20131265 (2001).","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.11.8.1253"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"\u2022Provides a list of current patents on candidate vaccines."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schachter J Osoba AO. Lymphogranuloma venereum. BE Med Bull 39 151\u2013154 (1983).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.2.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"WHO: Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted diseases: Overview and estimates. WHO Geneva Switzerland (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schachter J Grayston JT. Epidemiology of Human Chlamyclial Infections. In: Chlamydial Infections. Stephens RS Byrne GI Christiansen G etal. (Eds) . Berkeley San Francisco CA USA (1998).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5327-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Johnson RE Newhall WJ Papp JR eta]. Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections \u2014 2002. Morbidity Mortality Wkly Report (Recommendations and Reports) 51(RR-15) 1\u201340 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"\u2022Provides the most recent diagnostic guidelines."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groseclose SL Zaidi AA DeLisle SJ Levine WC St. Louis ME. Estimated incidence and prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States 1996. Sex. 72ansm. Dis. 26 339\u2013344 (1999).","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199907000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198403013100901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)91105-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westrom L Joesoef R Reynolds G Hadgu A Thompson SE. Pelvic inflammatory inflammatory disease and infertility: a cohort study of 1 844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopy results. Sex. 72ansm. Dis. 19 185\u2013192 (1992).","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199207000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"CDC: Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 US Department of Health and Human Services CDC Atlanta GA USA (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thior I Diouf G Diaw IK eta]. Sexually transmitted diseases and risk of HIV infection in men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Dakar Senegal. Afi: I Reprvd. Health 1(2) 26\u201335 (1997).","DOI":"10.2307\/3583374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson D Rutherford G. Population-based interventions for reducing sexually transmitted infections including HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2) CD001220 (2001).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monno R Maggi P Carbonara S etal Chlamydia trachomatis and 4cobaterium tuberculosislung infection in an HIV positive homosexual man. AIDS Patient Care STDs 15(12) 607\u2013610 (2001).","DOI":"10.1089\/108729101753354590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilmarx PH Mock PA Levine WC. Effect of Chlamydia trachomatiscoinfection on HIV shedding in genital tract secretion. Sex. Transm. Dis. 28(6) 347\u2013348 (2001).","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200106000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcdelland RS Wang CC Mandaliya K etal Treatment of cervicitis is associated with decreased cervical shedding of HIV-1. A\/DS15(1) 105\u2013110 (2001).","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101050-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesson HW Pinkerton SD. Sexually transmitted diseases and the increased risk for HIV transmission: implications for cost-effectiveness analyses of sexually transmitted disease prevention interventions. J. Acquit: Immune Defic. Synth: 24(1) 48\u201356 (2000).","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200005010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotchford K Strum AW Wilkinson D. Effect of coinfection with STDs and S IL) treatment on HIV shedding in genital-tract secretions: systematic review and data synthesis. Sex. Bansm DA 27(5) 243\u2013248 (2000).","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200005000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-8663(97)80842-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"832","article-title":"Kleemola M eta]","volume":"151","author":"Saikku P","year":"1985","unstructured":"Saikku P, Wang SP, Kleemola M eta]. An epidemic of mild pneumonia due to an unusual strain of Chlamydia psittaci. Infect. Dis. 151,832\u2013839 (1985).","journal-title":"An epidemic of mild pneumonia due to an unusual strain of Chlamydia psittaci. Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"NAATs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: a promise still unfulfilled. Expert Rev Md","volume":"1","author":"Schachter J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schachter J. NAATs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: a promise still unfulfilled. Expert Rev Md. Diagn. 1(2), 137\u2013144 (2001).","journal-title":"Diagn"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson RE GreenTA Schachter J etal Evaluation of nucleic acid amplification tests as reference tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in asymptomatic men.Mcrobiol. 38(12) 4382\u20134386 (2000).","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4382-4386.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thein J Zhao P Liu H eta]. Does clinical diagnosis indicate chlamydial infection in areas with a low prevalence of trachoma? Ophthalmic 431demiol. 9(4) 263\u2013269 (2002).","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.9.4.263.1508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Stamm WE Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the adult. In: Sexually transmitted diseases. Holmes KK Spading PF Mardh P-A et al (Eds). McGraw-Hill New York NY USA (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bragina EY Gomberg MA Dmitriev GA. Electron microscopic evidence of persistent chlamydial infection following treatment. j FIR: Acad. Dennatol. linen-0115(5) 405\u2013409 (2001).","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00342.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Chlamydial treatment failures: a persistent problem? j FIR: Acad","volume":"15","author":"Byrne GI","year":"2001","unstructured":"Byrne GI. Chlamydial treatment failures: a persistent problem? j FIR: Acad. Dennatol. linerrol. 15(5), 381 (2001).","journal-title":"Dennatol. linerrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.12.3288-3297.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Lee N","volume":"56","author":"Rees E","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rees E, Tait IA, Hobson D, Karayiannis P, Lee N. Persistence of chlamydial infection after treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 56,193\u2013198 (1981).","journal-title":"Persistence of chlamydial infection after treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis. Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Babalola OE Bage SD. The persistence of chlamydial inclusions in clinically quiescent trachoma. West Afi: Med. 11 (1) 55\u201361 (1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54120-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"909","article-title":"Stamm WE","volume":"182","author":"Dean D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dean D, Suchland RJ, Stamm WE. Evidence for long-term cervical persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis by ompl genotyping. j Infect. Dis. 182,909\u2013916 (2000).","journal-title":"Evidence for long-term cervical persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis by ompl genotyping. j Infect. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith A Munoz B Hsieh YH eta]. OmpA genotypic evidence for persistent ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Tanzania village women. Ophthalmic 431demiol. 8(2\u20133) 127\u2013135 (2001).","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.8.2.127.4164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black CM Morse SA. The use of molecular techniques for the diagnosis and epidemiologic study of sexually transmitted infections. CUIT: Infect. Dis. Rep. 2(1) 31\u201343 (2000).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-000-0085-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterlin M Shafer MA Tebb K eta]. What sexually transmitted disease screening method does the adolescent prefer? Adolescents' attitudes toward first-void urine self-collected vaginal swab and pelvic examination. Arrh. Pediati: Adolesc. 156(6) 588\u2013591 (2002).","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.6.588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Holm SO Jha HC Bhatta JC etal Comparison of two azithromycin distribution strategies for controlling trachoma in Nepal. Bull 14brld Health Organ. 79(3) 194\u2013200 (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamant J Benis R Schachter J eta]. Pooling of Chlamydia laboratory tests to determine the prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatisinfection. Ophthalmic .431demiol 8(2\u20133) 109-117(2001).","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.8.2.109.4156"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammerschlag MR Roblin PM. Microbiologic efficacy of moxifloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Int. J. Antimicm. Agents 15(2) 149\u2013152 (2000).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00157-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawnson CR Schachter J. Should trachoma be treated with antibiotics? Lancet 359(9302) 184\u2013185 (2002).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07463-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen CR Brunham RC. Pathogenesis of Chlamydia induced pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex. Tatum. Infect. 75(1) 21\u201324 (1999).","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)80022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"\u2022Provides the result of a computer modeling of the impact of even a partially protective vaccine on disease."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis antigens: role in immunity and pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Brunham RC","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brunham RC, Peeling RW. Chlamydia trachomatis antigens: role in immunity and pathogenesis. Infect. Agents Dis. 3,218\u2013233 (1994).","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaVerda D Kalayoglu MV Byrne GI. Chlamydial heat shock proteins and disease pathology: new paradigms for old problems? Infect. Dis. Obstet. Cynecol 7(1\u20132) 64\u201371 (1999).","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744999000137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"\u2022Role of chlarnydia-derived antigens in pathogenesis."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","first-page":"3061","article-title":"Whittum-Hudson J","volume":"58","author":"Taylor HR","year":"1990","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Maclean IW, Brunham RC, Pal S, Whittum-Hudson J. Chlamydial heat shock proteins and trachoma. Infect. Immun. 58,3061\u20133063 (1990).","journal-title":"Chlamydial heat shock proteins and trachoma. Infect. Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Pearce JH","volume":"73","author":"Hassell AB","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hassell AB, Reynolds DJ, Deacon M, Gaston JSH, Pearce JH. Identification of T-cell stimulatory antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis using synovial fluid-derived T-cell clones. Immunol. 73,513\u2013519 (1993).","journal-title":"Identification of T-cell stimulatory antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis using synovial fluid-derived T-cell clones. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S Grayston JT. Three new serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis: Da Ia and L2a. I Infect. Dis. 163 403-405 (1991).","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.2.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5473-5479.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.6.713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198707000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"\u2022Statistical evidence for the induction of protective immunity following a natural infection."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolridge RL Grayston JT Chang IH Yang CY Cheng KH. Long-term follow-up of the initial (1959\u20131960) trachoma vaccine field trial on Taiwan. Am. J. Ophthalmol 63 1650\u20131655 (1967).","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)94159-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Rodolaki A Salinas J Papp J. Recent advances on ovine chlamyclial abortion. Vet. Res. 29(3\u20134) 275\u2013288 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2741-2751.2002"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","first-page":"980","article-title":"Vaccines for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. CUIT: Opin","volume":"3","author":"De la Maza LM","year":"2002","unstructured":"De la Maza LM, Peterson EM. Vaccines for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. CUIT: Opin. Investig Drugs 3(7), 980\u2013986 (2002).","journal-title":"Investig Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"T-cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis. CUIT: Opin","volume":"5","author":"Loomis PW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loomis PW, Starnbach MN, T-cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis. CUIT: Opin. Mfavbiol 5,87\u201391 (2002).","journal-title":"Mfavbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200216010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"\u2022Identification of protective antigens and the use of DNA immunization in chlarnydia vaccines."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry LL Su H Feilzer K etal Differential sensitivity of distinct Chlamydia trachomatis isolates to IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition. I Immuno1.162(6) 3541\u20133548 (1999).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.6.3541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison RP Differential sensitivities of Chlamydia trachomatis strains to inhibitory effects of gamma interferon. Infect. Immun. 68(10) 6038\u20136040 (2000).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.6038-6040.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"Byrne GI. Immunity to Chlamydia. In: Chlamyclial Infections. Stephens RS Byrne GI Christainsen G eta]. (Fds) . (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Role of T-cell-mediated immunity in host defense against Chlamydia trachomatis and its implication for vaccine development","volume":"9","author":"Yang X","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yang X, Brunham RC. Role of T-cell-mediated immunity in host defense against Chlamydia trachomatis and its implication for vaccine development. Can. J. Infect. Dis. 9,99 (1998).","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry LL Feilzer K Caldwell HD. Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatisis mediated by T-helper 1 Cells through IFN-gamma-dependent and -independent pathways. J. Immund 158 (7) 3344\u20133352 (1997).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3344"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson M Schon K Ward M Lycke N. Studies in knockout mice reveal that antichlamyclial protection requires TH1 cells producing IFN-gamma: is this true for human? Scand j Immunol 46 (6) 546\u2013552 (1997).","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-167.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Magee DM etal","volume":"5","author":"Igietseme JU","year":"1993","unstructured":"Igietseme JU, Ramsey KM, Magee DM etal. Resolution of murine chlamyclial genital infection by the adoptive transfer of a biovar-specific, Thl lymphocyte clone. Rwional Immunology5, 317\u2013324 (1993).","journal-title":"Resolution of murine chlamyclial genital infection by the adoptive transfer of a biovar-specific, Thl lymphocyte clone. Rwional Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5457-5461.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"Buzoni-Gatel D Guilloteau L Bernard F etal. Protection against Chlamyclia psittaci in mice conferred by Lyt2+ T-cells Immunol 77 284\u2013288 (1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stagg AJ. Vaccines against Chlamydia: approaches and progress. Md. Med. Today 4(4) 166\u2013173 (1998).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(98)01232-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen CR Nguti R Bukusi EA etal. Human immunodeficiency virus Type 1-infected women exhibit reduced interferon-gamma after Chlamydia trachomatis stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes. J. Infect. Dis. 182(6) 1672\u20131677 (2000).","DOI":"10.1086\/317616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Confirmed the obligatory requirement foreffectors of CMI in chlarnydial control in humans."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debattista J Timms P Allan J Allan J. Reduced levels of gamma-interferon secretion in response to chlamyclial 60 kDa heat shock protein amongst women with pelvic inflammatory disease and a history of repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Immunol Lett. 81(3) 205\u2013210 (2002).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00036-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"\u2022Role of Thl response in chlarnydial control in humans."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen CR Plummer FA Mugo N etal Increased interleuldn-10 in the endocervical secretions of women with non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases: amechanism for enhanced HIV-1 transmission? AIDS25(3) 327\u2013332 (1999).","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199902250-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","unstructured":"\u2022Role of Thl response in chlarnydial control in humans."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903233201213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","unstructured":"\u2022Role of Thl response in chlarnydial control in humans."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","first-page":"444","article-title":"The role of IFN-gamma in the outcome of chlamyclial infection. CUIT: Opin","volume":"14","author":"Rottenberg ME","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rottenberg ME, Gigliotti-Rothfuchs A, Wigzell A. The role of IFN-gamma in the outcome of chlamyclial infection. CUIT: Opin. Immunol 14(4), 444\u2013451 (2002).","journal-title":"Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne GI Lehmann LK Landry GJ. Induction of tryptophan catabolism is the mechanism for gamma interferon-mediated inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psittaci replication in T24 cells. Infect. Immun 53 347\u2013351 (1986).","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.53.2.347-351.1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.10.3168-3172.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.12.3322-3325.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen B Stout R Campbell WE Nitric oxide production: a mechanism of Chlamydia trachomatis inhibition in interferon-gamma-treated RAW264.7 cells. FEMS Immunol Med. Mfavbiol 14(2\u20133) 109\u2013120 (1996).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00277.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","first-page":"969","article-title":"Regulation of transferrin receptor expression and ferritin content in human mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"91","author":"Byrd TF","year":"1993","unstructured":"Byrd TF, Horwitz MA. Regulation of transferrin receptor expression and ferritin content in human mononuclear phagocytes. Co-ordinate upregulation by iron transferrin and downregulation by interferon gamma..! Clin. Invest. 91,969\u2013976 (1993).","journal-title":"Co-ordinate upregulation by iron transferrin and downregulation by interferon gamma..! Clin. Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4539-4547.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freidank HM Billing H Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M. Influence of iron restriction on Chlamydia pneumoniae and C trachomatis. J. Med. Mcrobiol 50(3) 223\u2013227 (2001).","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-3-223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igietseme JU Ananaba GA Candal DH Lyn D Black CM. Immune control of chlamydial growth in the human epithelial cell lineRT4 involves multiple mechanisms that include nitric oxide induction tryptophan catabolism and iron deprivation. Mcrobiol Immunol 42(9) 617\u2013625 (1998).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1998.tb02332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","unstructured":"\u2022Demonstrated the role of three cytokine-inducible antimicrobial processes in chlamydial clearance."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stagg AJ Tuffrey M Woods C Wunderink C Knight SC. Protection against ascending infection of the genital tract by Chlamydia trachomatisis associated with recruitment of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-presenting cells into uterine tissue. Infect. Immun. 66(8) 3535\u20133544 (1998).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3535-3544.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Kraehenbuhl J-P","volume":"14","author":"Neutra MR","year":"1996","unstructured":"Neutra MR, Pringault E, Kraehenbuhl J-P. Antigen sampling across epithelial barriers and induction of mucosal immune responses. Ann. Rev Immunol 14,275\u2013300 (1996).","journal-title":"Antigen sampling across epithelial barriers and induction of mucosal immune responses. Ann. Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","first-page":"12970","article-title":"Y Bravo de Alba, JM Kanellopoulos et al Internalization of Chlamydia by dendritic cells and stimulation of Ch\/amydia-specific T-cells","volume":"160","author":"Ojcius DM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ojcius, DM, Y Bravo de Alba, JM Kanellopoulos et al Internalization of Chlamydia by dendritic cells and stimulation of Ch\/amydia-specific T-cells. Immunol 160(3), 12970\u20131303 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su H Messer R Whitmire W eta]. Vaccination against Chlamydial genital tract infection after immunization with dendritic cells pulsed ex vivo with nonviable Chlamydiae. Exp. Med. 188(5) 809\u2013818 (1998).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.5.809"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","first-page":"742","article-title":"Gaston JSH","volume":"32","author":"Matyszak MK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matyszak MK, Young JL, Gaston JSH. Uptake and processing of Chlamydia trachomatis by human dendritic cells. Eur. Immunol 32,742\u2013751 (2002).","journal-title":"Uptake and processing of Chlamydia trachomatis by human dendritic cells. Eur. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2930-9_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison SG Morrison MP. Resolution of secondary Chlamydia trachomatisgenital tract infection in immune mice with depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Infect. Immun. 69(4) 2643\u20132649 (2001).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2643-2649.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison SG Su H Caldwell HD Morrison RP Immunity to murine Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract reinfection involves B-cells and CD(+) T-cells but not CD8(+) T-cells. Infect. Immun. 68(12) 6979\u20136987 (2000).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6979-6987.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.115.5.1009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-197804000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.3.1439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00206-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","first-page":"4704","article-title":"Shen Z-L eta]","volume":"63","author":"Cotter TW","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cotter TW, Meng Q, Shen Z-L eta]. Protective efficacy of outer membrane protein-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG monoclonal antibodies in a murine model of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection. Infect. Immun. 63, 4704\u20134714 (1995).","journal-title":"Protective efficacy of outer membrane protein-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG monoclonal antibodies in a murine model of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection. Infect. Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"GA Ananaba, J Bolier eta]","volume":"105","author":"Moore T","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moore, T, GA Ananaba, J Bolier eta]. Fc Receptors regulation of protective immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis Immunol 105 (2), 213\u2013221 (2002).","journal-title":"Fc Receptors regulation of protective immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022The role of FcR-mediated processes inThl activation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00017-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igietseme JU Uriri IM Kumar SN eta]. Route of Infection That Induces a High Intensity of Gamma Interferon-Secreting T-cells in the Genital Tract Produces Optimal Protection Against Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun 66 (9) 4030\u20134035 (1998).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4030-4035.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.3.1032-1044.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Confirmed the obligatory requirement foreffectors of CMI in chlamydial control."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotter TVV Ramsey KH Miranpuri GS Poulsen CE Byrne GI. Dissemination of Chlamydia trachomatis chronic genital tract infection in gamma interferon gene knockout mice. Infect. Immun. 65 (6) 2145\u20132152 (1997).","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.6.2145-2152.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Confirmed the obligatory requirement foreffectors of CMI in chlamydial control."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igietseme JU Ananaba GA Bolier J etal. Suppression of endogenous IL-10 gene expression in dendritic cells enhances antigen presentation for enhanced specific Thl induction: potential for cellular vaccine development. J. Immunol 164(4) 4212\u20134219 (2000).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.8.4212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","unstructured":"\u2022Requirement for a high frequency of Thl cells in establishment of protective immunity."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","unstructured":"Yang X Gartner J Zhu L Wang S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022BrunhamRC. IL-10 Gene Knockout Mice Show Enhanced Thl -Like Protective Immunity and Absent Granuloma Formation Following Chlamydia trachomatis Lung Infection. J. Immunol 162 1010\u20131017 (1999).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.2.1010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S Fan Y Brunham RC Yang X. \u2022IFN-gamma knockout mice show Th2-associated delayed-type hypersensitivity and the inflammatory cells fail to localize and control chlamydial infection. Eur. Immunol 29(11) 3782\u20133792 (1999).","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3782::AID-IMMU3782>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igietseme JU Ananaba GA Bolier J et al. The intercellular adhesion molecule Type -1 is required for rapid activation of T-helper type 1 (Thl) lymphocytes that control early acute phase of genital chlamydial infection in mice. Immunol 98(4) 510\u2013519 (1999).","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1999.00926.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdi OS. Impact of host genetics on susceptibility to human Chlamydia trachomatis disease. Br. J. Domed. Li. 59(2) 128\u2013132 (2002).","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2002.11783648"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobo LD Novak N Munoz B eta]. Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatisinfection. j Infect. Dis. 176 (6) 1524\u20131530 (1997).","DOI":"10.1086\/514151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong G Liu L Fan T Fan P Ji H. Degradation of transcription factor RFX5 during the inhibition of both constitutive and interferon gamma-inducible major histocompatibility complex class I expression in chlamydia-infected cells. j Exp. Med. 191(9) 1525\u20131534 (2000).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.9.1525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_1","first-page":"1335","article-title":"de la Maza LM eta]","volume":"283","author":"Bachmaier K","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bachmaier K, Neu N, de la Maza LM eta]. Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. Science 283,1335\u20131339 (1999).","journal-title":"Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70291-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.6.717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagrange PH Hurtrel B Stach JL. Vaccines against mycobacteria and other intracellular bacteria. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Immunol 136D(2) 151\u2013162 (1985).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0769-2625(85)80093-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su H Messer R Whitmire W Hughes S Caldwell HD. Subclinical chlamyclial infection of the female mouse genital tract generates a potent protective immune response: implications for development of live attenuated chlamyclial vaccine strains. Infect. Immun. 68(1) 192\u2013196 (2000).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.192-196.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_145_1","unstructured":"O'Connell CMC Maurelli AT Introduction of foreign DNA into Chlamydia and stable expression of chloramphenicol resistance. Chlamyclial Infections: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infection. Stephens RS Byrne GI Christainsen G eta] (Frls). Berkeley San Francisco CA USA (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam JE Davis CH VVyrick PB. Expression of recombinant DNA introduced into Chlamydia trachomatisby electroporation. Can. M'crobiol 40(7) 583\u2013591 (1994).","DOI":"10.1139\/m94-093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VVylie JL Wang LL Tipples G McClarty G. A single point mutation in CTP synthetase of Chlamydia trachomatisconfers resistance to cyclopentenyl cytosine. J. Biol. Chem. 271(26) 15393\u201315400 (1996).","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.26.15393"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.3.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalman S Mitchell W Marathe R eta]. Comparative genomes of Chlamydia pneumoniae and C trachomatis. Nat. Genet. 21(4) 385\u2013389 (1999).","DOI":"10.1038\/7716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Read TD Brunham RC Shen C et a\/. Genome sequence of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. Nucleic Acid Res. 28(6) 1397\u20131406 (2000).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.6.1397"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephens RS. Chlamyrlial Genomics and Vaccine Antigen Discovery. J. Infect. Dis. 181\\(Suppl. 3)5521\u20135523 (2000).","DOI":"10.1086\/315631"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241377698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(92)91882-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su H Watkins NG Zhang Y-X Caldwell HD. Chlamydia trachomatis-host cell interactions: Role of the chlamyclial major outer membrane protein as an adhesin. Infect. Immun. 58 1017-1025 (1990).","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.4.1017-1025.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyllie S Longbottom D Herring AJ Ashley RH. Single channel analysis of recombinant major outer membrane protein porins from Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae. FEBS Lett. 445 (1) 192\u2013196 (1999).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00121-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.11.4000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong-Ji Z Yang X Shen C eta]. Priming with Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein (MOMP) DNA followed by MOMP-ISCOM boosting enhances protection and is associated with increased immunoglobulin A and Thl cellular immune responses. Infect. Immun. 68(6) 3074\u20133078 (2000).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3074-3078.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_159_1","unstructured":"Jackson JVV Maisonneuve J Taylor RB et al. Immunization with a high molecular weight protein (pmpG) from Chlamydia trachomatis confers heterotypic protection against infertility. In: 101st General Meeting of ASM Orlando FL USA (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_160_1","unstructured":"Jen SS Stromberg EJ Probst P Bhatia A Skeiky YAW Discovery of new vaccine candidates for prevention and treatment of Chlamydia. In: 101st General Meeting of ASIVI Orlando FL USA (2001)."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_161_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Chlamydia outer membrane protein discovery using genomics. CUIT: Opin","volume":"4","author":"Stephens RS","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stephens RS, Lammel CJ. Chlamydia outer membrane protein discovery using genomics. CUIT: Opin. IVlicrobiol 4(1), 16\u201320 (2001).","journal-title":"IVlicrobiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.10.5184"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3019-3025.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal S Theodor I Peterson EM de la Maza LM. Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis major outer membrane protein can elicit a protective immune respose against a genital challenge. Infect. Immun. 69 (10) 6240\u20136247 (2001).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6240-6247.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002620050465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02826210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3148.1998.00144.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_168_1","unstructured":"Rank RG. Models of immunity. In: Chlamydia: intracellular biology pathogenesis and immunity. Stephens RS (Ed). ASM Press Washington DC USA (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svanholm C Bandholtz L Castanos-Velez E Wigzell H Rottenberg ME. Protective DNA immunization against Chlamydia pneumoniae. Scand. I Immunol 51(4) 345\u2013353 (2000).","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2000.00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunham RC Zhang DJ Yang X McClarty GM. The potential for vaccine development against chlamyclial infection and disease. J. Infect. Dis. 181 (Suppl. 3) S538\u2014S543 (2000).","DOI":"10.1086\/315630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurunathan S Klinman DM Seder RA. DNA vaccines: immunology application and optimization. Ann. Rev Immunol 18 927\u2013974 (2000).","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.927"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00219-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00151-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.10.4591"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurunathan S Irvine KR Wu CY etal. CD40 ligand\/trimer DNA enhances both humoral and cellular immune responses and induces protective immunity to infectious and tumor challenge. J. Immunol 161(9) 4563\u20134571 (1998).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.9.4563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.3.1116-1121.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(00)00314-X"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_178_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"emerging vectors for vaccination and gene therapy. Mol Med","volume":"6","author":"Hewson R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hewson R RNA viruses: emerging vectors for vaccination and gene therapy. Mol Med. Today 6 (1), 28\u201335 (2000).","journal-title":"Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennink JR Yewdell JW. Recombinant vaccinia viruses as vectors for studying T-lymphocyte specificity and function. CUIT: Top. M'crobiol. Immunol 163 153\u2013184 (1990).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-75605-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_180_1","first-page":"434","article-title":"Alphavirus vectors for gene expression and vaccine. CUIT: Opin","volume":"10","author":"Schlesinger S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schlesinger S, Dubensky TW. Alphavirus vectors for gene expression and vaccine. CUIT: Opin. Biotechnol 10,434\u2013439 (1999).","journal-title":"Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/15058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal S Davis HL Peterson EM de la Maza LM. Immunization with the Chlamydia tracbomatis mouse pneumonitis major outer membrane protein by use of CpG oligodeoxynudeotides as an adjuvant induces a protective immune response against an intranasal challenge. Infect. Immun. 70(9) 4812\u20134817 (2002).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4812-4817.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner MS Giffard PM. Expression of Chlamydia psittaci- and human immunodeficiency virus-derived antigens on the cell surface of Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 as fusion to bspA. Infect. Immun. 67(10) 5486\u20135489 (1999).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5486-5489.1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_184_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Spreng S eta]. Delivery of protein antigens and DNA by virulence-attenuated strains of Salmonella Ophimulium and Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"83","author":"Gentschev I","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gentschev I, Dietrich G, Spreng S eta]. Delivery of protein antigens and DNA by virulence-attenuated strains of Salmonella Ophimulium and Listeria monocytogenes. Biotechnol 83(1-2), 19\u201326 (2000).","journal-title":"Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_185_1","first-page":"1643","article-title":"Huter V eta]","volume":"17","author":"Eko FO","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eko FO, Witte A, Huter V eta]. New strategies for combination vaccines based on the extended recombinant bacterial ghost system. Vaccine 17,1643\u20131649 (1999).","journal-title":"New strategies for combination vaccines based on the extended recombinant bacterial ghost system. Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eko FO Lubitz W MacMillan L eta]. Recombinant Vibrio cholerae ghost as delivery vehicle for vaccinating against Chlamydia tracbomatis. Vaccine. In press (2002).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00677-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szostak MP Hensel A Eko FO eta]. Bacterial ghosts: non-living candidate vaccines. J. Bacteria 44 17\u2013161 (1996).","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1656(95)00123-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heijnen IAFM van Vugt MJ Fanger NA etal. Antigen targeting to myeloid-specific human Fc1RI\/CD64 triggers enhanced antibody responses in transgenic mice. Clin. Invest. 97(2) 331\u2013338 (1996).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_189_1","first-page":"3477","article-title":"Gosselin DR etal","volume":"149","author":"Gosselin EJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gosselin EJ, Wardwell K, Gosselin DR etal. Enhanced antigen presentation using human Fcy receptor (monocyte\/ macrophage) -specific immunogens. Immunol 149,3477\u20133481 (1992).","journal-title":"Enhanced antigen presentation using human Fcy receptor (monocyte\/ macrophage) -specific immunogens. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhala RH Wira CR Sex hormone and IL-6 regulation of antigen presentation in the female reprodutive mucosal tissues. J. Immunol 155 5566\u20135573 (1995).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.12.5566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_191_1","first-page":"4029","article-title":"The interplay between the duration of TCR and cytokine signaling determines T-cell polarization","volume":"29","author":"Lezzi G","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lezzi G, Scotet E, Scheidegger D, Lanzavecchia A. The interplay between the duration of TCR and cytokine signaling determines T-cell polarization. Eur. Immunol 29,4029\u20134101 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang X HayGlass KT Brunham RC. Genetically determined differences in IL-10 and IFN-y responses correlate with clearance of Chlamydia tracbomatis mouse pneumonitis infection. J. Immunol 156 4338\u20134344 (1996).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.11.4338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belay T Eko FO Ananaba GA eta]. Chemokine and chemokine receptor dynamics during genital chlamydial infection. Infect. Immun. 70(2) 844\u2013850 (2002).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.844-850.2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_194_1","first-page":"1538","article-title":"Chemokine expression patterns differ within anatomically distinct regions of the genital tract during Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"70","author":"Maxion HK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maxion HK, Kelly KA. Chemokine expression patterns differ within anatomically distinct regions of the genital tract during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. hired. Immun. 70(3), 1538\u20131546 (2002).","journal-title":"hired. Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darville T Andrews J Sikes JD Fraley PL Rank RG. Early local cytokine profiles in strains of mice with different outcomes from chlamydial genital tract infection. Infect. Immun. 69(6) 3556\u20133561 (2001).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.6.3556-3561.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beatty PR Stephens RS. CD8+ T-lymphocyte-mediated lysis of Chlamydia-infected L cells using an endogenous antigen pathway. J. Immunol 153 4588\u20134595 (1994).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.10.4588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786362"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80473-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(92)90021-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_200_1","first-page":"5341","article-title":"de la Maza LM","volume":"64","author":"Pal S","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Intranasal immunization induces long-term protection in mice against a Chlamydia tracbomatisgenital challenge. Infect. Immun. 64,5341\u20135348 (1996).","journal-title":"Intranasal immunization induces long-term protection in mice against a Chlamydia tracbomatisgenital challenge. Infect. Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_201_1","first-page":"3361","article-title":"Peterson EM, del Maza LM","volume":"65","author":"Pal S","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pal S, Theodor I, Peterson EM, del Maza LM. Immunization with an acellular vaccine consisting of the outer membrane complex of Chlamydia tracbomatis induces protection against a genital challenge. Infect. Immun. 65,3361\u20133369 (1997).","journal-title":"Immunization with an acellular vaccine consisting of the outer membrane complex of Chlamydia tracbomatis induces protection against a genital challenge. Infect. Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_202_1","first-page":"493","article-title":"KW Russell MW","volume":"88","author":"Wu H-Y","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wu H-Y, Nikolova EB, Beagley KW Russell MW. Induction of antibody-secreting cells and T-helper and memory cells in murine nasal lymphoid tissue. Immunol 88,493\u2013500 (1996).","journal-title":"Induction of antibody-secreting cells and T-helper and memory cells in murine nasal lymphoid tissue. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00100-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_204_1","first-page":"945","article-title":"Pacer TJ","volume":"13","author":"Staats HF","year":"1997","unstructured":"Staats HF, Montgomery SP, Pacer TJ. Intranasal immunization is superior to vaginal, gastric, or rectal immunization for induction of systemic and mucosal anti-HIV antibody responses. AIDS Res. Hum. Retmviruses 13,945\u2013952 (1997).","journal-title":"Intranasal immunization is superior to vaginal, gastric, or rectal immunization for induction of systemic and mucosal anti-HIV antibody responses. AIDS Res. Hum. Retmviruses"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonecchi R Bianchi G Bordignon PP etal. Differential Expression of Chemokine Receptors and Chemotactic Responsiveness of Type 1 T-helper Cells (This) and Th2s Exp. Med. 187(1) 129\u2013134 (1998).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.1.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_206_1","first-page":"1346","article-title":"Susceptibility to reinfection after a primary chlamydial genital infection is associated with a decrease of antigen-specific T-cells in the genital tract","volume":"59","author":"Igietseme JU","year":"1991","unstructured":"Igietseme JU, Rank RG. Susceptibility to reinfection after a primary chlamydial genital infection is associated with a decrease of antigen-specific T-cells in the genital tract. hied. Immun. 59,1346\u20131351 (1991).","journal-title":"hied. Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_207_1","unstructured":"\u2022Strong evidence that protective immunity coincides with the presence of specific T-cells in the mucosal site of infection."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly KA Rank RG. Identification of homing receptors that mediate the recruitment of CD4 T-cells to the genital tract following intravaginal infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect. Immun. 65(12) 5198\u20135208 (1997).","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5198-5208.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igietseme JU Portis JL Perry LL. Inflammation and clearance of Chlamydia trachomatisin enteric and nonenteric mucosae. Infect. Immun 69 (3) 1832\u20131840 (2001).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1832-1840.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6798-6806.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"www.chlamydiae.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"\u2022Research-focused review by the authors with emphasis on imrnunoregulation."}],"container-title":["Expert Review of Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1586\/14760584.2.1.129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T21:18:01Z","timestamp":1770931081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1586\/14760584.2.1.129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"references-count":208,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1586\/14760584.2.1.129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14760584.2.1.129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-0584","1744-8395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-0584","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-8395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}}}