{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:49:13Z","timestamp":1791956953999,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.1.4.563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,13]],"date-time":"2005-01-13T08:40:53Z","timestamp":1105605653000},"page":"563-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cutaneous leishmaniasis: current and future management"],"prefix":"10.1586","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Neill C","family":"Hepburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln County Hospital Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK. Neill.Hepburn@ULH.NHS.UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10178-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7385.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Gilles HM (Ed). Protozoal Diseases.Arnold London UK (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00517-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90249-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90115-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90509-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90346-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","author":"Desjeux P The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide","unstructured":"Desjeux P The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 95,239\u2013243 (200).","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90476-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02326.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.929"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-10-199305150-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305133281904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30604-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612023396258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"23","author":"Kalter DC","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kalter DC Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Program. Derm. 23, 1\u201311 (1989).","journal-title":"Program. Derm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Lever WE Schamberg-Lever G. Histopathology of the Skin (Seventh Edition). Lippincott PA USA (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"Lymphadenopathy as the first sign of human cutaneous infection by","volume":"53","author":"Banal A","year":"1995","unstructured":"Banal A, Guerreiro J, Bomfim D, Correia M, Barral-Netto M, Carvalho EM. Lymphadenopathy as the first sign of human cutaneous infection by LeishmaniaAm. J. Trap. Med H. 53, 256\u2013259 (1995).","journal-title":"LeishmaniaAm. J. Trap. Med H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Bryceson A. Therapy in man. In: The Leishmaniases in Biology and M'abcirze. Peters W Killick-Kendrick R (Eds). Academic Press London UK 847\u2013907 (1987)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.3.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(06)80032-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70155-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.3.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"S169\u2014S171","article-title":"The method used to sample ulcers influences the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"96","author":"Robinson RJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robinson RJ, Agudelo S, Muskus C, et al The method used to sample ulcers influences the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 96, S169\u2014S171 (2002).","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","article-title":"Hzndbook on halation Characterisation and Gyopreservation of Leishmania.","author":"Evans D","year":"1989","unstructured":"Evans D. Hzndbook on halation Characterisation and Gyopreservation of Leishmania. UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO(TDR), Geneva, Switzerland (1989).","journal-title":"UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO(TDR), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90223-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90112-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.601-606.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000063150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00140-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"S165\u2014S168","article-title":"Validation of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-west Colombia","volume":"96","author":"Is= DM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Is= DM, Arbola M, Restrepo M,McCann SH, Barker DC. Validation of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-west Colombia. Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 96, S165\u2014S168 (2002).","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00215-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.3.528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume":"1","author":"Lainson R","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lainson R, Shaw JJ. Evolution, Classification and Geographical Distribution. In: The leishmaniases in biology and medicine (volume 1). Peters W Killick-Kendrick R (Eds). Academic Press, London, UK (1987).","journal-title":"The leishmaniases in biology and medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"WHO. Control of the leishmaniases. Technical report series 793. WHO Geneva Switzerland (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.3.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90237-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.26.5.745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70175-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Occlusive paromomycin for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 349, 1477 (1997). 49Neal RA, Murphy AG, Olliaro P Croft SLAminosidine ointments for the treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"88","author":"Bryceson AD","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bryceson AD. Occlusive paromomycin for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 349, 1477 (1997). 49Neal RA, Murphy AG, Olliaro P Croft SLAminosidine ointments for the treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 88, 223\u2013225 (1994).","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90308-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322689"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90235-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/24.4.684"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis: a multi-centre trial. Q","volume":"87","author":"Davidson RN","year":"1994","unstructured":"Davidson RN, Di Martino LL,Giacchino R, Russo R, Gaeta G, Gradoni , et al Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis: a multi-centre trial. Q J. Med. 87,75\u201381 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/8.5.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821997000200007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.7.856"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630305552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"1821","article-title":"Trial of oral miltefosine for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"352","author":"Sundar S","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sundar S, Rosenkaimer F, Makharia MK, et al Trial of oral miltefosine for visceral leishmaniasis. Larzcet 352,1821\u20131823 (1998).","journal-title":"Larzcet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","author":"Jha TK","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jha TK, Sundar S, Thakur CP, et al Miltefosine, an oral agent, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N Engl. J. Med. 341,1795-1800 (1999)\u2022","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1999.11813462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90116-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324161"}],"container-title":["Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1586\/14787210.1.4.563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T19:16:11Z","timestamp":1768936571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1586\/14787210.1.4.563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1586\/14787210.1.4.563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.1.4.563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-7210","1744-8336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-7210","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-8336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}}}