{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T20:41:30Z","timestamp":1770151290901,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2.2.279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,13]],"date-time":"2005-01-13T09:09:11Z","timestamp":1105607351000},"page":"279-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Progress in the treatment of a neglected infectious disease: visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1586","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Henry W","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New ork, NY 10021, USA. hmurray@med.cornell.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00347-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Comprehensive statement of currentclinical status of visceral infection and what will be needed in the future to improve management."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10178-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2185-2197.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Review of treatment in VL primarilyfocused on experimental approaches including immunochemotherapy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe020133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200101000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90110-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022First of three similar studies in Africademonstrating the usefulness of generic sodium stibogluconate."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200310000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Report formally documents the demise ofsodium stibogluconate as useful treatment in India's hyper-endemic region (Bihar State) while demonstrating its continued efficacy as first-line parenteral therapy in a neighboring state."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"609","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of low dosage combination of pentamidine and allopurinol in the treatment of antimony unresponsive cases of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"Das VN","year":"2001","unstructured":"Das VN, Ranjan A, Sinha AN, et al A randomized clinical trial of low dosage combination of pentamidine and allopurinol in the treatment of antimony unresponsive cases of visceral leishmaniasis. J. Assoc. Physicians India 49,609\u2013613 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90557-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.6.938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.1.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Treatment of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"73","author":"Gradoni L","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gradoni L, Bryceson A, Desjeux E Treatment of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. BulL World Health Organ. 73, 191\u2013197 (1999).","journal-title":"BulL World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0912.030178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90263-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.3.715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90130-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04367-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Thedefining Phase III study in Indiashowing that oral miltefosine is highly active and as effective as amphotericin B therapy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(00)90078-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200212000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"388","article-title":"Comparison of generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya","volume":"79","author":"Moore E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moore E, O'Flaherty, Heuvelmans H, et al. Comparison of generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. Bull. World Health Organ. 79,388\u2013393 (2001).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367843"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022Study results indicate that in young children with Mediterranean VL short-course (two-day) treatment with AmBisome is highly active and cost-effective."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90037-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"\u2022Report documents the remarkable efficacy of conventional amphotericin B treatment in Indian VL in Bihar State a region with high-level resistance to pentavalent antimony."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"\u2022Multicenter trial demonstrating that remarkably low doses of AmBisome given for just five days induce high cure responses in India."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"\u2022Only study in VL which compares responses to conventional amphotericin B to responses achieved by lipid formulations of amphotericin B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400459612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.828-833.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7310.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"\u2022Study results indicated 91% cure induced in India by a single-infusion of low-dose AmBisome."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"\u2022Report indicates the high-level efficiency of AmBisome in Indian VL since patients were safely discharged approximately 24 h after a single infusion."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813337"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries","volume":"76","author":"Berman JD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berman JD, Badaro R, Thakur CP, et al Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 76, 25\u201332 (1998).","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"\u2022Results indicated that responses to treatment in VL vary by region (India > Kenya > Brazil)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90277-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90036-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg340"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376634"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"1446","volume":"3","author":"Yeates C","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yeates C. Sitamaquine. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs 3, 1446\u20131452 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.6.1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Wasunna M Rashid JR Nyakundi PM et al. Sitamaquine (SB-25220 B WR6026) in the oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Second World Congress on Leishmaniaisis.(2001) (Abstract 125)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90543-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1999.11813462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912093412403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000066877.72624.cb"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380638"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318708"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199906180-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Randomized controlled trial indicating that responses to both pentavalent antimony and amphotericin B are impaired in HIV-associated VL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.11.3235-3236.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199805270-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520457"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612023396258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"\u2022Comprehensive review of current and future potential treatments."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","first-page":"502","article-title":"Leishmaniasis \u2014current chemotherapy and recent advances in the search for novel drugs","volume":"19","author":"Croft SL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Croft SL, Coombs GH. Leishmaniasis \u2014current chemotherapy and recent advances in the search for novel drugs. Emu& Parasitol 19, 502\u2013508 (2003).","journal-title":"Emu& Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","first-page":"6148","article-title":"The importance of TGF-13 in murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"161","author":"Wilson ME","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wilson ME, Young BM, Davidson BL, Menta KA, McGowan SE. The importance of TGF-13 in murine visceral leishmaniasis. Immunol 161,6148\u20136155 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.8.4153","article-title":"Blockade of CTLA-4 enhances host resistance to the intracellular pathogen","volume":"161","author":"Murphy ML","year":"1998","unstructured":"Murphy ML, Cotterell S, Gorak M, Engwerda CR, Kaye PM. Blockade of CTLA-4 enhances host resistance to the intracellular pathogen, Leishmania donovani. J Immunol 161, 4153\u20134160 (1998).","journal-title":"Leishmania donovani. J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.18-27.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2001.00199.x","volume":"82","author":"Murray HW Tissue granuloma structure-function in experimental visceral leishmaniasis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Murray HW Tissue granuloma structure-function in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Int. J Exp. Pathol 82,249\u2013267 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. J Exp. Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray HW Lu CM Brooks EB Fichtl RE DeVecchio JL Heinzel FP Modulation of T-cell costimulation as immuno-or immunochemotherapy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 71 6453\u20136462 (2003).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6453-6462.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6284-6293.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"\u2022Experimental rationale for targeting IL-10 for inhibition as a form of immunotherapy for visceral infection."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.8.2513-2517.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.2.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376510"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116372","article-title":"In vivo cytokine profiles in patients with kala-azar. Marked elevation of both interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma","volume":"91","author":"Karp C","year":"1993","unstructured":"Karp C, Wynn T, Satti M, et al In vivo cytokine profiles in patients with kala-azar. Marked elevation of both interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1644\u20131648 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116570"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.522"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00468.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","unstructured":"\u2022Clinical demonstration supporting the targeting IL-10 for inhibition as a future immunotherapeutic approach in VL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2000.0694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","unstructured":"Murray HW interleukin-10 receptor blockade-pentavalent antimony treatment in experimental visceral leishmaniasis (submitted)."}],"container-title":["Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1586\/14787210.2.2.279","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:48:56Z","timestamp":1769723336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1586\/14787210.2.2.279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1586\/14787210.2.2.279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.2.2.279","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-7210","1744-8336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-7210","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-8336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}}}