{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T14:41:49Z","timestamp":1770475309119,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.2.155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]],"date-time":"2005-04-28T07:12:02Z","timestamp":1114672322000},"page":"155-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Lyme disease: point\/counterpoint"],"prefix":"10.1586","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Raphael B","family":"Stricker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center, 450 Sutter Street, Suite 1504, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA. Tel.: +1 415 399 1035, Fax: +1 415 399 1057."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lautin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph J","family":"Burrascano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East End Medical Associates, East Hampton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500140064037"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510220038016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","first-page":"S174","volume":"271","author":"Knell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knell RJ. Syphilis in renaissance Europe: rapid evolution of an introduced sexually transmitted disease? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 271(Suppl. 4), S174\u2013S176 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","first-page":"17","author":"Perlman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Perlman J. AIDS education: whose morality? Weekly Mail 28 March\u20134 April, 17 (1991).","journal-title":"Weekly Mail"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","author":"Kolata","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kolata G. Lyme disease is hard to catch and easy to halt, study finds. New York Times 13 June (2001).","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-199623000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490070073045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.3.909"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345284"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.111-116.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2191-2199.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780109"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01645543"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00112-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899909115982"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-4-200402170-00027-w1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10772"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/346059"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_1","first-page":"265","volume":"69","author":"Stricker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stricker RB. Lyme disease: a potential polymicrobial infection. ASM News 69, 265 (2003).","journal-title":"ASM News"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.3.473"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-3-374"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707033370105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450218"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339813"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_1","first-page":"S145","volume":"51","author":"Stricker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stricker RB, Harris NS, Yong DC, Winger EE. Clinical and seroepidemiologic characteristics of Babesia WA-1 coinfection in patients with Lyme disease in California. J. Invest. Med. 51(Suppl. 1), S145 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.9.1357"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.4.534"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.355"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.12.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00060-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042871-200401001-00412"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.12.6.1003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00722-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314053"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2.4.533"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00244-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(03)00085-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813695"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2003.00605.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)00038-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011870"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_1","first-page":"364","volume-title":"Experientia","author":"Guner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Guner ES. Complement evasion by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi grown in host-derived tissue cocultures: role of fibronectin in complement-resistance. Experientia 52, 364\u2013372 (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1120112.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020697017543"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.2.370-376.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.5.788"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.2.239"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_1","first-page":"606","volume":"114","author":"Zore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zore A, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Maraspin V et al. Sensitivity of culture and polymerase chain reaction for the etiologic diagnosis of erythema migrans. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 114, 606\u2013609 (2002).","journal-title":"Wien Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1249-1253.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_1","first-page":"64","volume":"15","author":"Hicks","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hicks CB. Confronting the clinical uncertainty regarding syphilis. AIDS Clin. Care 15, 64\u201365 (2003).","journal-title":"AIDS Clin. Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7012(95)00016-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01781096"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alban PS Johnson PW Nelson DR. Serum-starvation-induced changes in protein synthesis and morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Microbiology 146(Pt 1) 119\u2013127 (2000).","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-1-119"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb00269.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01594.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.5.1127"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516163"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12484"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308343200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.1.175-184.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63359-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5759-5767.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402745101"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.10.5973-5979.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5938-5946.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6279-6286.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.2.1014-1022.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.11.3637-3640.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.2.671-678.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1074"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01409985"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1739-1746.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.2.440"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.6.1552"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6616(03)00210-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03184.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00184-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3359-3371.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00339.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341452"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530450047031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleson CV Sivalingam JJ O\u2019Neill BJ Staas WE. Transverse myelitis secondary to coexistent Lyme disease and babesiosis. J. Spinal Cord Med. 26 168\u2013171 (2003).","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11754578"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807163390304"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allred DR. Babesiosis: persistence in the face of adversity. Trends Parasitol. 19 51\u201355 (2003).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)00065-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.73-76.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.1027"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07376.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450201"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-9-200305060-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450202"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200111083451913"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_1","unstructured":"Fallon BA. Laboratory findings in chronic Lyme disease and results of a controlled treatment study. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Lyme Disease Association. Rye NY USA 22 October 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401273300401"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.623"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000117104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_1","first-page":"387","volume":"10","author":"Fraser","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fraser DD, Kong LI, Miller FW. Molecular detection of persistent Borrelia burgdorferi in a man with dermatomyositis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 10, 387\u2013390 (1992).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_1","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Conn\u2019s Current Therapy","author":"Burrascano","year":"1997","unstructured":"Burrascano JJ. Lyme disease. In: Conn\u2019s Current Therapy. WB Saunders Company, PA, USA, 140\u2013143 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-5-199809010-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2.5.683"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1101.040303"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405763102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(00)00316-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_1","first-page":"111","volume":"9","author":"Stricker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stricker RB, Burrascano J, Winger EE. Longterm decrease in the CD57 lymphocyte subset in a patient with chronic Lyme disease. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 9, 111\u2013113 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_1","first-page":"S117","volume":"103","author":"Stricker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stricker RB, Winger EE. Normalization of the CD57 natural killer cell subset associated with prolonged antibiotic therapy in patients with chronic Lyme disease. Clin. Immunol. 103, S117\u2013S118 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_1","first-page":"139","volume":"7","author":"Brorson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brorson O, Brorson SH. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to tinidazole. Intl Microbiol. 7, 139\u2013142 (2004).","journal-title":"Intl Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.344-347.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6650.2005.00005.446"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01500.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382893"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516175"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_1","first-page":"61","volume":"4","author":"Liegner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liegner KB, Duray P, Agricola M et al. Lyme disease and the clinical spectrum of antibiotic responsive chronic meningoencephalomyelitides. J. Spiro. Tick Dis. 4, 61\u201373 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Spiro. Tick Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107193450307"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_1","first-page":"405","volume":"68","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shaw IN, Natrajan MM, Rao GS, Jesudasan K, Christian M, Kavitha M. Long-term follow-up of multibacillary leprosy patients with high BI treated with WHO\/MDT regimen for a fixed duration of 2 years. Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis. 68, 405\u2013409 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5025\/hansen.70.151"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379082"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2_1","unstructured":"Connecticut Department of Public Health. Lyme disease statistics 2001 to 2003. www.dph.state.ct.us\/BCH\/infectiousdise\/ pdf\/ldweb_01_03.pdf (Accessed March 2005)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_3_1","unstructured":"Phillips SE Bransfield R Sherr VT et al. Evaluation of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms of Lyme disease: an ILADS position paper www.ilads.org (Accessed March 2005)"}],"container-title":["Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1586\/14787210.3.2.155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:44:25Z","timestamp":1769705065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1586\/14787210.3.2.155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1586\/14787210.3.2.155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.3.2.155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-7210","1744-8336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-7210","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-8336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}}}