{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:56:38Z","timestamp":1762624598419},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Institute of Electronics, Information and Communications Engineers (IEICE)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEICE Trans. Electron."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1587\/transele.2020ecs6030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T22:07:56Z","timestamp":1622412476000},"page":"663-666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electromagnetic Field Theory Interpretation on Light Extraction of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)"],"prefix":"10.1587","volume":"E104.C","author":[{"given":"Yoshinari","family":"ISHIDO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIST-NMRI in Kansai-center"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"MIZUTANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIST-NMRI in Tsukuba-center"}]}],"member":"532","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[1] N. Takada, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, \u201cControl of emission characteristics in organic thin-film electroluminescent diodes using an optical-microcavity structure,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.63, no.15, pp.2032-2034, Oct. 1993. 10.1063\/1.110582","DOI":"10.1063\/1.110582"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[2] G. Gu, D.Z. Garbuzov, P.E. Burrows, S. Venkatesh, S.R. Forrest, and M.E. Thompson, \u201cHigh-external-quantum-efficiency organic light-emitting devices,\u201d Opt. Lett., vol.22, no.6, pp.396-398, March 1997. 10.1364\/ol.22.000396","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.22.000396"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[3] M.-H. Lu and J.C. Strum, \u201cOptimization of external coupling and light emission in organic light-emitting devices: Modeling and experiment,\u201d J. Appl. Phys., vol.91, no.2, pp.595-604, Jan. 2002. 10.1063\/1.1425448","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1425448"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[4] A. K\u00f6hnen, M.C. Gather, N. Riegel, P. Zacharias, and K. Meerholz, \u201cEnhanced efficiency of multilayer organic light-emitting diodes with a low-refractive index hole-transport layer: An effect of improved outcoupling?,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.91, no.11, 113501, 2007. 10.1063\/1.2773930","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2773930"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[5] J.-S Kim, P.K.H. Ho, N.C. Greenham, and R.H. Friend, \u201cElectroluminescence emission pattern of organic light-emitting diodes: Implications for device efficiency calculations,\u201d J. Appl. Phys., vol.88, no.2, pp.1073-1081, 2008. 10.1063\/1.373779","DOI":"10.1063\/1.373779"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[6] J. Lee, N. Chopra, and F. So, \u201cCavity effects on light extraction in organic light emitting devices,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.92, no.3, 033303, 2008. 10.1063\/1.2830820","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2830820"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] M. Furno, R. Meerheim, M. Thomschke, S. Hofmann, B. L\u00fcessem, and K. Leo, \u201cOutcoupling efficiency in small-molecule OLEDs: From theory and experiment,\u201d Proc. SPIE, vol.7617, 761716, 2010. 10.1117\/12.840043","DOI":"10.1117\/12.840043"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[8] J. Frischeisen, D. Yokoyama, A. Endo, C. Adachi, and W. Br\u00fctting, \u201cIncreased light outcouping efficiency in dye-doped small molecule organic light-emitting diodes with horizontally oriented emitters,\u201d Org. Elctron., vol.12, no.5, pp.809-817, 2011. 10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.02.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.02.005"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[9] D. Yokoyama, \u201cMolecular orientation in small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes,\u201d J. Mater. Chem., vol.21, no.48, pp.19187-19202, 2011. 10.1039\/c1jm13417e","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm13417e"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] A. Mikami, \u201cOptical design of 200-lm\/w phosphorescent green light emitting devices based on the high refractive index substrate,\u201d Phys. Stat. Soli., vol.C8, no.9, pp.2899-2902, 2011. Doi: 10.1002\/ pssc.201084041 10.1002\/pssc.201084041","DOI":"10.1002\/pssc.201084041"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[11] F. Ma, J. Su, M. Guo, Q. Gong, Z. Duan, J. Yang, Y. Du, B. Yuan, and X. Liu, \u201cModel and simulation on the efficiencies of microcavity OLEDs,\u201d Opt. Comm., vol.285, no.13-14, pp.3100-3103, 2012. Doi: 10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.02.098 10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.02.098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.02.098"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[12] H. Tsuji, K. Yamae, V. Kittichungchit, N. Ide, and T. Komoda, \u201cHigh-efficiency technology of white OLEDs,\u201d J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., vol.26, no.3, pp.415-419, 2013. 10.2494\/photopolymer.26.415","DOI":"10.2494\/photopolymer.26.415"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[13] Y. Inada, S. Nishiwaki, J. Matsuzaki, T. Hirasawa, Y. Nakamura, A. Hashiya, S. Wakabayashi, and M. Suzuki, \u201cImproved light extraction from white organic light-emitting devices using a binary random phase array,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.104, no.6, 063301, 2014. 10.1063\/1.4864788","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4864788"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[14] A.-C. Wei and J.-R. Sze, \u201cModeling OLED lighting using Monte Carlo ray tracing and rigorous coupling wave analysis,\u201d Opt. Comm., vol.380, pp.394-400, 2016. Doi: 10.1016\/j.optcom.2016. 06.040 10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.06.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.06.040"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[15] H. Bae, J.S. Kim, and C. Hong, \u201cSimulation for light extraction efficiency of OLEDs with spheroidal microlenses in hexagonal array,\u201d Opt. Comm., vol.415, pp.168-176, 2018. Doi: 10.1016\/j.optcom. 2018.01.044 10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.01.044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.01.044"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"[16] R.E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves, 2nd ed., chap.11.8, pp.725-748, IEEE Press, 1991. 10.1109\/9780470544648"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[17] R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. L\u00fcssem, and K. Leo, \u201cQuantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.97, no.25, 253305, 2010. 10.1063\/1.3527936","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3527936"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[18] S. Nowy, B.C. Krummacher, J. Frischeisen, N.A. Reinke, and W. Br\u00fctting, \u201cLight extraction and optical loss mechanisms in oranic light-emitting diodes: Influence of the emitter quantum efficiency,\u201d J. Appl. Phys., vol.104, no.12, 123109, 2008. 10.1063\/1.3043800","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3043800"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[19] A. Mikami, \u201cOptical design of enhanced light extraction efficiency in organic light emitting device with an optically controlled surface plasmon coupling,\u201d J. Light Vis. Environ., vol.37, no.2_3, pp.62-65, 2013. Doi: 10.2150\/jlve.IEIJ130000502 10.2150\/jlve.IEIJ130000502","DOI":"10.2150\/jlve.IEIJ130000502"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[20] Y. Ishido and N. Tanigaki, \u201cSelf-consistent estimation of dissipated power allocation of OLED in view of electromagnetic wave mode analysis,\u201d J. Sci. Tech. Light., vol.43, pp.32-37, 2019. Doi: 10.2150\/jstl.IEIJ190000634 10.2150\/jstl.IEIJ190000634","DOI":"10.2150\/jstl.IEIJ190000634"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] M. Misaki, Y. Ueda, S. Nagamatsu, M. Chikamatsu, Y. Yoshida, N. Tanigaki, and K. Yase, \u201cHighly polarized polymer light-emitting diodes utilizing friction-transferred poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) thin films,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.87, no.24, 243503 (2005). 10.1063\/1.2142082","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2142082"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"[22] Y. Ishido and N. Tanigaki, \u201cTheorecial investigation of the influence to the extractive radiation fields by the dipole orientation with the thin film structure in OLED,\u201d Tech. on EMT-15-055, IEE Japan, pp.281-286, Jan. 2015. (in Japanese, including errata)"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"[23] Y. Ishido and N. Tanigaki, \u201cDirect calculation of electromagnetic field radiant energy in substrate mode using dipole energy dissipation calculation model,\u201d Proc. Japan OLED Forum, S8-4, pp.33-34, June 2016. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"[24] Y. Ishido and N. Tanigaki, \u201cEstimating light extraction efficiency by direct calculation of electromagnetic field radiant energy using dipole energy dissipation calculation model,\u201d Proc. Japan OLED Forum, S7-11, pp.59-60, June 2016. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"[25] Y. Ishido and N. Tanigaki, \u201cLight wave mode analysis on the light extraction in the OLED,\u201d IEICE Technical Report, EMT2018-108, pp.233-236, Jan. 2019. (in Japanese, with [22]'s corrections)"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[26] The summation of the exponential harmonics lack the complete orthogonality when a finite layer has a complex refractivity, but not mentioned here: S.E. Kocaba\u015f, G. Veronis, D.A.B. Miller, and S. Fan, \u201cModal analysis and coupling in metal-insulator-metal waveguides,\u201d Phys. Rev. B, vol.79, no.3, 035120, 2009. 10.1103\/physrevb.79.035120","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.79.035120"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"[27] S. Ramo, J.R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves Communication Electronics, 2nd ed., chap.3.13, pp.141-143, Wiley, 1984."},{"key":"28","unstructured":"[28] J.A. Kong, Electromagnetic Wave Theory, chap.2.2, b, pp.57-58, Wiley, 1986."},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[29] T. Tsutsui and K. Yamamoto, \u201cEvaluation of true power luminous efficiency from experimental luminous values,\u201d Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol.38, no.5A, pp.2799-2803, 1999. 10.1143\/jjap.38.2799","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.38.2799"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] R. Yorke, Electric Circuit theory: Applied Electricity and Electronics, chap.3, pp.125-199, Pergamon, 1981. 10.1016\/b978-0-08-026133-1.50010-3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-026133-1.50010-3"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] C. Adachi, M.A. Baldo, M.E. Thompson, and S.R. Forrest, \u201cNearly 100% internal phosphorescene efficiency in an organic light-emitting device,\u201d J. Appl. Phys., vol.90, no.10, pp.5048-5051, 2001. 10.1063\/1.1409582","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1409582"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"[32] Y. Okikawa, W. Mizutani, K. Suzuki, M. Ishihara, and M. Hasegawa, \u201cFabrication of polymer organic light emitting diodes using graphene filmes synthesized by microwave plasma-CVD,\u201d The 61st JSAP Spring Meeting 2014, 20a-E2-12. (in Japanese)"}],"container-title":["IEICE Transactions on Electronics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/transele\/E104.C\/11\/E104.C_2020ECS6030\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T03:18:28Z","timestamp":1636168708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/transele\/E104.C\/11\/E104.C_2020ECS6030\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1587\/transele.2020ecs6030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0916-8524","1745-1353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0916-8524","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-1353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"article-number":"2020ECS6030"}}