{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:13:55Z","timestamp":1774419235586,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Motion sickness or kinetosis is the result of the abnormal neural output originated by visual, proprioceptive and vestibular mismatch, which reverses once the dysfunctional sensory information becomes coherent. The space adaptation syndrome or space sickness relates to motion sickness; it is considered to be due to yaw, pith, and roll coordinates mismatch. Several behavioural and pharmacological measures have been proposed to control these vestibular-associated movement disorders with no success. Galvanic vestibular stimulation has the potential of up-regulating disturbed sensory-motor mismatch originated by kinetosis and space sickness by modulating the GABA-related ion channels neural transmission in the inner ear. It improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the afferent proprioceptive volleys, which would ultimately modulate the motor output restoring the disordered gait, balance and human locomotion due to kinetosis, as well as the spatial disorientation generated by gravity transition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20130182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]],"date-time":"2014-01-16T17:04:42Z","timestamp":1389891882000},"page":"72-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Galvanic vestibular stimulation:\u00a0a novel modulatory countermeasure for vestibular-associated movement disorders"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Carlos V.","family":"Rizzo-Sierra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Research Center, Colombia; St. Thomas University, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gonzalez-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Minuto de Dios, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fidias E.","family":"Leon-Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional, Colombia; University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment","volume":"77","author":"Shupak A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Ernsting?s Aviation Medicine","author":"Rainford D","year":"2006","edition":"3"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Annual Review of General Aviation Accident Data 2005","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.03.036","article-title":"Pathophysiology of movement disorders due to gravity transitions: The channelopathy linkage in human balance and locomotion","volume":"77","author":"Rizzo-Sierra CV","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Hypoth"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"17","article-title":"Non invasive autonomous evaluation: proven priciples and posible practices","volume":"10","author":"Valderrama C","year":"2007","journal-title":"Actual Enferm"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine","author":"Davis J","year":"2008","edition":"4"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2146.2008","article-title":"Effects of airsickness in male and female student pilots: adaptation rates and 4-year outcomes","volume":"79","author":"Lucertini M","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0697-y","article-title":"Space motion sickness","volume":"175","author":"Lackner J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"203","article-title":"Transmission of diseases in comercial flights: from myth to reality","volume":"13","author":"Valderrama C","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"150","article-title":"Medicine for the colombian airplane passenger \u00bfIf not now, when then?","volume":"33","author":"Valderrama C","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Med Col"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Coronary artery disease in airline transport pilots: part 1 of 2","volume":"81","author":"Forster E","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"77","article-title":"Headache in flights: Takeoff and landing of a new clinical entity","volume":"56","author":"Leon-Sarmiento FE","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00984.x","article-title":"Airplane headaches: time to classify them","volume":"48","author":"Leon-Sarmiento FE","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"6","article-title":"Who is who? Aeromedical implications of gender dysphoria","volume":"47","author":"Valderrama C","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fed Air Surgeon?s Med Bull"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Coronary artery disease in airline transport pilots: part 2 of 2","volume":"81","author":"Valderrama C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"S6","article-title":"Modeling the effects of gravity transitions in the vestibular system: Preliminary findings","volume":"78","author":"Leon-Sarmiento FE","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"43","article-title":"Gravity sensing in the central nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Wiedemann M","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gravit Physiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.98314","article-title":"Higher sensory processing sensitivity, introversion and ectomorphism: New biomarkers for human creativity in developing rural areas","volume":"3","author":"Rizzo-Sierra CV","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105601110","article-title":"Highly sensitive trait and ectomorphism: another link on creativity and psychopathology","volume":"56","author":"Rizzo-Sierra CV","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Humans in space & space biology","author":"Legner K","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vertigo and motion sickness. Part I: vestibular anatomy and physiology","volume":"58","author":"Zajonc T","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130608500110","article-title":"Vertigo and motion sickness. Part II pharmacologic treatment","volume":"85","author":"Zajonc T","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Challenges of human space exploration, Chichester","author":"Freeman M","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation","author":"Wassermann E","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Brain stimulation in Psychiatry treatment","author":"Lisanby S","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00008.2004","article-title":"Probing the human vestibular system with galvanic stimulation","volume":"96","author":"Fitzpatrick R","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0950-3","article-title":"Improvement of motor functions by noisy vestibular stimulation in central neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"255","author":"Pan W","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90594.2008","article-title":"Effects of galvanic mastoid stimulation in seated human subjects","volume":"106","author":"Ghanim Z","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00238-9","article-title":"Interaction effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation and head position on the soleus H reflex in humans","volume":"113","author":"Kennedy P","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.018","article-title":"Perception of the vertical in patients with right hemispheric lesion: Effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"44","author":"Saj A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Progress in Brain Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)64515-X","volume-title":"Labyrinthine control of upright posture in humans","author":"Tokita T","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00161-X","article-title":"Body response to binaural monopolar galvanic vestibular stimulation in humans","volume":"245","author":"Severac Cauquil A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000434","article-title":"Orientation of the body response to galvanic stimulation as a function of the inter-vestibular imbalance","volume":"133","author":"Severac Cauquil A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487209128436","article-title":"The sinusoidal galvanic body-sway response","volume":"74","author":"Coats A","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489409126048","article-title":"Vestibular disturbance at frequencies above 1 Hz affects human postural control","volume":"114","author":"Petersen H","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.6.3994","article-title":"Loop gain of reflexes controlling human standing measured with the use of postural and vestibular disturbances","volume":"76","author":"Fitzpatrick R","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050623","article-title":"The effects of stochastic galvanic vestibular stimulation on human postural sway","volume":"124","author":"Pavlik AE","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.018","article-title":"Tone burst?galvanic ratio of vestibular evoked myogenic potential amplitudes: a new parameter of vestibular evoked myogenic potential?","volume":"118","author":"Murofushi T","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00738-6","article-title":"Galvanic-evoked myogenic responses in patients with an absence of click-evoked vestibulo-collic reflexes","volume":"113","author":"Murofushi T","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20982","article-title":"Cervical dystonia responsive to acoustic and galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Rosengren S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/003655099444632","article-title":"Reduction of visuo-spatial neglect with vestibular galvanic stimulation","volume":"31","author":"Rorsman I","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Rehab Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-008-0029-8","article-title":"Effects of artificial feedback to the vestibular input on postural instability induced by asymmetric proprioceptive stimulation","volume":"38","author":"Orlov I","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Behav Physiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480410015730","article-title":"Galvanic-induced body sway in vestibular schwannoma patients: evidence for stimulation of the central vestibular system","volume":"124","author":"Balter S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.11.035","article-title":"Vestibular testing by electrical stimulation in patients with unilateral vestibular deafferentation: galvanic evoked myogenic responses testing versus galvanic body sway testing","volume":"11","author":"Monobe H","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0528-1","article-title":"Modeling locomotor dysfunction following spaceflight with galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"174","author":"Moore S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.002","article-title":"Electrified minds: transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation in neuropsychology, a review of current data and future implications","volume":"48","author":"Utz K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.5.2699","article-title":"Functional MRI of galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"80","author":"Lobel E","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.9.994","article-title":"Dominance for vestibular cortical function in the non-dominant hemisphere","volume":"13","author":"Dieterich M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"190","article-title":"Detection of GABAA alpha 2 mRNA in rat vestibular end organ with in-situ hybridization","volume":"36","author":"Zheng H","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.07.011","article-title":"Neurophysiology of blepharospasm and multiple system atrophy: clues to its pathophysiology","volume":"11","author":"Leon-Sarmiento FE","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)60005-8","article-title":"The cellular, molecular and ionic basis of GABA (A) receptor signalling","volume":"160","author":"Farrant M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ptog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(02)13011-7","article-title":"GABA and GABA receptors in the central nervous system and other organs","volume":"213","author":"Watanabe M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10315","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2395-06.2006","article-title":"Functional role of GABAergic innervation of the cochlea: phenotypic analysis of mice lacking GABA receptor subunits","volume":"26","author":"Maison S","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489109131368","article-title":"GABA distribution in the central vestibular system after retroauricular galvanic stimulation. An immunohistochemical study","volume":"481","author":"Okami K","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"12","article-title":"Detection of GABA(A) receptor mRNA in cochlear tissue, an in situ hybridization study","volume":"43","author":"Kempf H","year":"1995","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2010-0391","article-title":"Short and long-term postural learning to withstand galvanic vestibular perturbations","volume":"20","author":"Tjernstr\u00f6m F","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vestibular Research"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"74","article-title":"Present and future of the transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"54","author":"Leon-Sarmiento FE","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inv Clin"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.046565","article-title":"The vestibular control of balance after stroke","volume":"76","author":"Marsden J","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029308","article-title":"Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation promotes GABA release in the substantia nigra and improves locomotion in hemiparkinsonian rats","volume":"7","author":"Samoudi G","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2013.03.003","article-title":"Novel mechanisms underlying inhibitory and facilitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation abnormalities in Parkinson?s disease","volume":"44","author":"Leon-Sarmiento FE","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2012.00657.x","article-title":"Primary and reversible Pisa syndrome in juvenile normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"25","author":"Leon-Sarmiento FE","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21424","article-title":"Abnormality of motor cortex excitability in peripherally induced dystonia","volume":"22","author":"Bohlhalter S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21138","article-title":"Impaired long-term potentiation-like plasticity of the trigeminal blink reflex circuit in Parkinson?s disease","volume":"21","author":"Battaglia F","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228814","article-title":"Facial input to neck motoneurons: trigemino-cervical reflexes in the conscious and anaesthetised cat","volume":"97","author":"Abrahams VC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00124-4","article-title":"Trigemino-cervical reflexes in normal subjects","volume":"143","author":"Ertekin C","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.047274","article-title":"A short latency vestibulomasseteric reflex evoked by electrical stimulation over the mastoid in healthy humans","volume":"553","author":"Deriu F","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120421","article-title":"Gabapentin and motor ?uctuations in Parkinson?s disease","volume":"12","author":"Chana P","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Galvanic vestibular stimulation for camptocormia in Parkinson?s disease","volume":"S1","author":"Okada Y","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nov Physiother"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2009-0360","article-title":"Stochastic galvanic vestibular stimulation produces a small reduction in sway in Parkinson?s disease","volume":"19","author":"Pal S","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007991","article-title":"Enhancing human balance control with galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"84","author":"Scinicariello A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"95","article-title":"Neuroplasticity, neuromodulation and neurorehabilitation: Three different concepts, one only true goal","volume":"27","author":"Bayona-Prieto J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Salud Uninorte"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"91","article-title":"Neurorehabilitation: from a rigid past to a plastic future","volume":"48","author":"Bayona-Prieto J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"}],"container-title":["Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/anp\/v72n1\/0004-282X-anp-72-1-0072.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T07:44:22Z","timestamp":1597391062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2014000100072&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0004-282X2014000100072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282x20130182","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-282X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-282X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}