{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:38:01Z","timestamp":1784367481795,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are characterized by severe optic neuritis and\/or longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, and some brain lesions are also unique to NMOSD. Serum autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are detected in most cases of NMOSD. However, some patients with NMOSD remain seronegative despite repetitive testing during attacks with highly sensitive cell-based assays. The differential diagnosis of NMOSD is not restricted to multiple sclerosis and it includes many diseases that can produce longitudinally extensive myelitis and\/or optic neuritis. We review the clinical features, imaging, and laboratory findings that can be helpful on the diagnostic work-up, discuss the differences between AQP4 antibody positive and negative patients with NMOSD, including features of NMOSD with antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20140032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T16:00:45Z","timestamp":1403712045000},"page":"445-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Seronegative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum - The challenges on disease definition and pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Douglas Kazutoshi","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University,  Japan; Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagoberto","family":"Callegaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Aur\u00e9lio","family":"Lana-Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Fujihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University,  Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","article-title":"The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome)","volume":"53","author":"Wingerchuk DM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-8","article-title":"The 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