{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:05:42Z","timestamp":1791140742002,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective To assess cognition in major depressed (MD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression in AD elderly.   Method Subjects were evaluated by Mini Mental, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey Complex Figure, Digit Span, Similarities, Trail Making A\/B, Verbal Fluency and Stroop. One-way ANOVA and multivariate models were used to compare the performance of each group on neuropsychological tests.   Results We evaluated 212 subjects. Compared to MD, attention, working memory, processing speed and recall showed significantly better in controls. Controls showed significantly higher performance in all cognitive measures, except in attention compared to AD. Verbal fluency, memory, processing speed and abstract reasoning in MD was significantly higher compared to AD. AD was significantly better in general cognitive state than depression in AD. All other cognitive domains were similar.   Conclusion A decreasing gradient in cognition appeared from the control to depression in AD, with MD and AD in an intermediate position.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20140108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T14:54:49Z","timestamp":1410965689000},"page":"671-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impaired cognition in depression and Alzheimer (AD): a gradient from depression to depression in AD"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Narahyana Bom de","family":"Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Gama Filho,  Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Sales","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Gama Filho,  Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heitor","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Gama Filho,  Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Arcoverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Eduardo","family":"Vasques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Gama Filho,  Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lage","family":"Barca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research,  Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Brita","family":"Knapskog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research,  Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Engedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research,  Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evandro Silva Freire","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Camaz","family":"Deslandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Gama Filho,  Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerson","family":"Laks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil; Instituto Vital Brasil,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.02.346","article-title":"Depression and dementia","volume":"283","author":"Korczyn AD","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.031773","article-title":"Does the risk of developing dementia increase with the number of episodes in patients with depressive disorder and in patients with bipolar disorder?","volume":"75","author":"Kessing LV","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1809","article-title":"The relationship between severity of Alzheimer?s disease and prevalence of comorbid depressive symptoms and depression: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Verkaik R","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0278-7","article-title":"Depression and cognitive impairment in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Weisenbach SL","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988707308801","article-title":"Distinguishing between depression and dementia in older persons: neuropsychological and neuropathological correlates","volume":"20","author":"Wright SL","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"129","article-title":"Trail Making Test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia","volume":"23","author":"Ashendorf L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.10.021","article-title":"Major depression, cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer?s disease: is there a link?","volume":"626","author":"Sierksma AS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181e898d0","article-title":"Cognitive decline in patients with dementia as a function of depression","volume":"19","author":"Rapp MA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.11.018","article-title":"The role of persistent and incident major depression on rate of cognitive deterioration in newly diagnosed Alzheimer?s disease patients","volume":"198","author":"Spalletta G","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.8.1265","article-title":"Absence of effect of depression on cognitive performance in early-stage Alzheimer disease","volume":"61","author":"Powlishta KK","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70200-4","article-title":"Alzheimer?s disease and depression: preclinical comorbidity effects on cognitive functioning","volume":"41","author":"Berger AK","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31816029ec","article-title":"Increased neurofibrillary tangles in patients with alzheimer disease with comorbid depression","volume":"16","author":"Rapp MA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Manual diagn\u00f3stico e estat\u00edstico de transtornos mentais","year":"1995","edition":"4"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer?s disease: report of the NINCDSADRDA. 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