{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:45:10Z","timestamp":1760985910869,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>ABSTRACT  Background:  Neurophysiological studies are ancillary tools to better understand the features and nature of movement disorders. Electromyography (EMG), together with electroencephalography (EEG) and accelerometer, can be used to evaluate a hypo and hyperkinetic spectrum of movements. Specific techniques can be applied to better characterize the phenomenology, help distinguish functional from organic origin and assess the most probable site of the movement generator in the nervous system.  Objective:  We intend to provide an update for clinicians on helpful neurophysiological tools to assess movement disorders in clinical practice.  Methods:  Non-systematic review of the literature published up to June 2019.  Results:  A diversity of protocols was found and described. These include EMG analyses to define dystonia, myoclonus, myokymia, myorhythmia, and painful legs moving toes pattern; EMG in combination with accelerometer to study tremor; and EEG-EMG to study myoclonus. Also, indirect measures of cortical and brainstem excitability help to describe and diagnose abnormal physiology in Parkinson's disease, atypical parkinsonism, dystonia, and myoclonus.  Conclusion:  These studies can be helpful for the diagnosis and are usually underutilized in neurological practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20190195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T12:33:02Z","timestamp":1591014782000},"page":"512-522","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["How can neurophysiological studies help with movement disorders characterization in clinical practice? A review"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3126-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talyta","family":"GRIPPE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Bras\u00edlia,  Brazil; Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8829-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Spinola Costa da","family":"CUNHA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital da Crian\u00e7a de Bras\u00edlia,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1191-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Renato de Paula","family":"BRAND\u00c3O","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2978-0269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubens Nelson Morato","family":"FERNANDEZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0808-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Eduardo Costa","family":"CARDOSO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/94.3.541","article-title":"Painful legs and moving toes","volume":"94","author":"Spillane JD","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/96.1.87","article-title":"Disorder of Interneurons in Parkinsonism","volume":"96","author":"Kimura J","year":"1973","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.8.1061","article-title":"Blink reflex excitability cycle in hemifacial spasm","volume":"39","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9 J","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(00)00236-7","article-title":"Neurophysiological characterization of parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"30","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9 J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.025","article-title":"What is the Bereitschaftspotential?","volume":"117","author":"Shibasaki H","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.09004","article-title":"Electrophysiologic assessments of involuntary movements: tremor and myoclonus","volume":"2","author":"Park H-D","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801772-2.00006-0","article-title":"Neurophysiologic studies of functional neurologic disorders","volume":"139","author":"Hallett M","year":"2016","journal-title":"1 Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26525","article-title":"Validation of \u201claboratory-supported\u201d criteria for functional (psychogenic) tremor","volume":"31","author":"Schwingenschuh P","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52014-2.00029-X","article-title":"Painful legs and moving toes","volume":"100","author":"Reich SG","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20234","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies of myoclonus","volume":"31","author":"Shibasaki H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.238","article-title":"Articles orthostatic tremor: a spectrum of fast and slow frequencies or distinct entities?","volume":"5","author":"Rigby HB","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22838","article-title":"How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor","volume":"25","author":"Louis ED","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121","article-title":"Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society","volume":"33","author":"Bhatia KP","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00629-0","article-title":"Electromyographic differentiation of tremors","volume":"112","author":"Milanov I","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.06.008","article-title":"How typical are \u2018typical\u2019 tremor characteristics? Sensitivity and specificity of five tremor phenomena","volume":"30","author":"van der Stouwe AMM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.325","article-title":"Orthostatic Tremor and orthostatic myoclonus: weight-bearing hyperkinetic disorders: a systematic review, new insights, and unresolved questions","volume":"6","author":"Hassan A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.05.006","article-title":"A Retrospective study of the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of 32 patients with orthostatic myoclonus","volume":"20","author":"van Gerpen JA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.002","article-title":"Tremor pattern differentiates drug-induced resting tremor from Parkinson disease","volume":"25","author":"Nistic\u00f2 R","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.3.593","article-title":"Pathophysiology of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia","volume":"108","author":"Berardelli A","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000457","article-title":"Disinhibited blink reflex recovery is related to lateral trunk flexion in parkinson disease","volume":"35","author":"Sugiyama T","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.06.017","article-title":"Neurophysiological studies on atypical parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"42","author":"Bologna M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.10.1877","article-title":"Distinctive abnormalities of facial reflexes in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"120","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9 J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.2.479","article-title":"Preliminary clinical observations on a new trigeminal reflex: The trigemino-cervical reflex","volume":"46","author":"Di Lazzaro V","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22039","article-title":"Lack of trigemino-cervical reflexes in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"23","author":"Bartolo M","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.05.011","article-title":"Abnormal head nociceptive withdrawal reaction to facial nociceptive stimuli in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Perrotta A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.02.012","article-title":"The contribution of trigemino-cervical reflexes in distinguishing progressive supranuclear palsy from multiple system atrophy","volume":"122","author":"Serrao M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.4.1891","article-title":"New observations on the normal auditory startle reflex in man","volume":"114","author":"Brown P","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00390-5","article-title":"Exaggerated auditory startle responses in multiple system atrophy: A comparative study of parkinson and cerebellar subtypes","volume":"114","author":"Kofler M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6641-3_4","article-title":"The auditory startle response in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"42","author":"Rothwell JC","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220107","article-title":"Loss of pedunculopontine neurons in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"22","author":"Zweig RM","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"16","article-title":"The clinical role of evoked potentials","volume":"76","author":"Walsh P","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evoked potential changes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Liu C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.02.007","article-title":"Neurophysiological Changes measured using somatosensory evoked potentials","volume":"41","author":"Macerollo A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref34","first-page":"1698","article-title":"Is the frontal N30 component of the somatosensory evoked potentials a reliable physiological index of the dopaminergic motor pathways? Editorial","volume":"110","author":"Cheron G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22597","article-title":"Is this dystonia?","volume":"24","author":"Albanese A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839204","article-title":"Clinical and polymyographic investigation of spasmodic torticollis","volume":"239","author":"Deuschl G","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.5.824","article-title":"H-reflex recovery curve and reciprocal inhibition of H-reflex in different kinds of dystonia","volume":"40","author":"Panizza M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.08.025","article-title":"Neurobiology of Disease neurophysiology of dystonia: the role of inhibition","volume":"42","author":"Hallett M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1752::AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Utility of an EMG mapping study in treating cervical dystonia","volume":"23","author":"Van Gerpen JA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20899","article-title":"Changes in blink reflex excitability after globus pallidus internus stimulation for dystonia","volume":"21","author":"Tisch S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnf.0000152044.43822.42","article-title":"Lack of effect of botulinum toxin on cortical excitability in patients with cranial dystonia","volume":"28","author":"Allam N","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.01.002","article-title":"Cutaneous silent periods - Part 1: Update on physiological mechanisms","volume":"130","author":"Kofler M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.2.503","article-title":"Cutaneous electromyographic silent period findings in brachial dystonia","volume":"46","author":"Pullman SL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00375-9","article-title":"Soleus H-reflex measures in patients with focal and generalized dystonia","volume":"114","author":"Sabbahi M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100109","article-title":"Soleus H-Reflex Tests in Dystonia","volume":"10","author":"Koelman JHTM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.08.025","article-title":"Neurophysiology of dystonia: the role of inhibition","volume":"42","author":"Hallett M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.07.013","article-title":"To jerk or not to jerk: A clinical pathophysiology of myoclonus","volume":"172","author":"Apartis E","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52891-9.00008-7","article-title":"Clinical neurophysiology in movement disorders","volume":"111","author":"Apartis E","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00880-4","article-title":"Myoclonus: Current concepts and recent advances","volume":"3","author":"Caviness JN","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004996","article-title":"Electrophysiologic testing aids diagnosis and subtyping of myoclonus","volume":"90","author":"Zutt R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"157","article-title":"AANEM Monograph #30 Electrophysiologic Studies of Myoclonus. Certified for CME credit 2","author":"Shibasaki H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27234","article-title":"Reappraisal of cortical myoclonus: A retrospective study of clinical neurophysiology","volume":"33","author":"Latorre A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Milestones in Myoclonus","first-page":"1142","volume":"26","author":"Shibasaki H","year":"2011"},{"issue":"S2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0835","article-title":"Neurophysiology of myoclonus and progressive myoclonus epilepsies","volume":"18","author":"Avanzini G","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.07.010","article-title":"Prediction of human voluntary movement before it occurs","volume":"122","author":"Bai O","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303081","article-title":"The bereitschaftspotential in jerky movement disorders","volume":"83","author":"van der Salm SMA","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199210000-00004","article-title":"Jerk-locked averaging: technique and application","volume":"9","author":"Barrett G","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.6.745","article-title":"Presence of Bereitschaftspotential preceding psychogenic myoclonus: clinical application of jerk-locked back averaging","volume":"58","author":"Terada K","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.9.1.5","article-title":"The relation between the electroencephalogram and muscle action potentials in certain convulsive states","volume":"9","author":"Dawson GD","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/101.3.447","article-title":"Electroencephalographic studies of myoclonus: myoclonus-related cortical spikes and high amplitude somatosensory evoked potentials","volume":"101","author":"Shibasaki H","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12054","article-title":"Reticular myoclonus: it really comes from the brainstem!","volume":"1","author":"Beudel M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.3.253","article-title":"Reticular reflex myoclonus: a physiological type of human post-hypoxic myoclonus","volume":"40","author":"Hallett M","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52014-2.00031-8","article-title":"Myoclonus","volume":"100","author":"Caviness JN","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref64","series-title":"Marsden\u2019s Book of Movement Disorders","first-page":"1079","volume-title":"Essential Myoclonus","author":"Donaldson I","year":"2012","edition":"6"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000297516.98574.c0","article-title":"Myoclonus-dystonia: clinical and electrophysiologic pattern related to SGCE mutations","volume":"70","author":"Roze E","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22273","article-title":"Electrophysiological features of myoclonus-dystonia","volume":"23","author":"Li JY","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000982","article-title":"Propriospinal myoclonus: Clinical reappraisal and review of literature","volume":"83","author":"van der Salm SMA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a0fd50","article-title":"Propriospinal myoclonus revisited","volume":"72","author":"Roze E","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.6.506","article-title":"Primary generalised epileptic myoclonus: A frequent manifestation of minipolymyoclonus of central origin","volume":"48","author":"Wilkins DE","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52902-2.00020-5","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy and hemifacial spasm","volume":"115","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9 J","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.03.013","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm in sleep - A polysomnographic study","volume":"64","author":"Incirli SU","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2017.12.003","article-title":"Diagnosis of primary hemifacial spasm","volume":"64","author":"Lefaucheur JP","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10605","article-title":"Movement disorders in patients with peripheral facial palsy","volume":"18","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9 J","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref74","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes","volume":"23","author":"Sawlani K","year":"2017","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200102)24:2<151::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"When is myokymia neuromyotonia?","volume":"24","author":"Gutmann L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(00)00229-X","article-title":"Les activit\u00e9s spontan\u00e9es en \u00e9lectromyographie. Int\u00e9r\u00eats pratiques","volume":"30","author":"Georgesco M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21540","article-title":"Myokymic discharges in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A rare electrophysiologic finding?","volume":"41","author":"Whaley NR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26093","article-title":"Myorhythmia: phenomenology, etiology, and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo JF","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.1.53","article-title":"Myorhythmia: a Widespread Movement Disorder","volume":"107","author":"Masucci E","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.10.009","article-title":"Isolated facial myorhythmia","volume":"252","author":"Tan EK","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002440","article-title":"Holmes tremor Clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases","volume":"86","author":"Raina GB","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090104","article-title":"The syndrome of painful legs and moving toes","volume":"9","author":"Dressler D","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22272","article-title":"Case series of painful legs and moving toes: clinical and electrophysiologic observations","volume":"23","author":"Alvarez M V","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130308","article-title":"Hypertrophic mononeuritis clinically presenting with painful legs and moving toes","volume":"13","author":"Mitsumoto H","year":"1990","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/anp\/v78n8\/1678-4227-anp-0004-282x20190195.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T02:58:51Z","timestamp":1611457131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2020000800512&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0004-282X2020000800512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282x20190195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-4227","0004-282X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1678-4227"},{"type":"print","value":"0004-282X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}}}