{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:00:03Z","timestamp":1753887603008,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"],"abstract":"<jats:p> BACKGROUND  Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) is one of the most successful vaccines in the world and evidence suggests it can be used as a bacterial vector to deliver heterologous antigens.  OBJECTIVES  We evaluated whether BCG could be biotinylated and used as a carrier of Schistosoma mansoni antigen tetraspanin-2 (TSP-2) fused with rhizavidin, an avidin analog.  METHODS  BCG was grown and biotinylated. The recombinant protein Rzv:TSP-2 was produced and purified from Escherichia coli. The biotinylation and antigen coupling was analysed by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Vaccine immunogenicity was tested in immunised mice by the assessment of lung and splenic T cells.  FINDINGS  BCG can be biotinylated, which in turn, can be coupled with Rzv:TSP-2. After a series of optimisations which involved molarity of the biotin, ratio of BCG:reagent and the concentration of Rzv:TSP-2 used, almost 50% of the bacteria were biotinylated and 35% coupled with antigen. Although a clear adjuvant effect of BCG was observed, evaluation of immune response in immunised mice demonstrated an overall low immunogenicity of the BCG-Rzv:TSP-2.  MAIN CONCLUSION  These results demonstrated the use of BCG as a carrier of avidin-tagged antigens. Further optimisations are needed in order to strengthen the stability of tagged proteins in order to produce antigen-specific immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760240167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T12:10:42Z","timestamp":1741003842000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring BCG to deliver avidin fusion antigens from Schistosoma mansoni"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Lais Sayuri","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil; Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monalisa Martins","family":"Trentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dunia","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Henrique Santana","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil; Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur Daniel","family":"Januzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil; Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina de Oliveira","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil; Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Cezar de Cerqueira","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4731-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Issamu","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"year":"2024","key":"ref1"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7","article-title":"A guide to vaccinology from basic principles to new developments","volume":"21","author":"Pollard AJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122331","article-title":"Vaccine development current trends and technologies","volume":"336","author":"Poria R","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life 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