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Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., remains a major public health problem. Cerebral malaria is its deadliest form, with a 15-25% mortality rate, despite artemisinin-based treatments. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) strictly defines cerebral malaria as the presence of coma, 1 h after a seizure or the correction of hypoglycemia, in patients with P. falciparum parasitemia. Consequently, 25% of survivors experience neurocognitive and behavioral sequelae, particularly in children. However, more recently, neurocognitive and behavioral impairments were also reported in severe non-cerebral malaria, non-severe malaria, and even during asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. Such impairments have been observed in school-aged children, the elderly, and in animal models without classic cerebral malaria pathology. Additionally, mild vasogenic edema has been detected in neuroimaging of patients with severe non-cerebral and non-severe P. falciparum malaria. Therefore, given that approximately 98% of malaria cases in the world are non-severe, neurocognitive and behavioral sequelae may account for a significant proportion of global malaria morbidity. Taken together, these observations suggest that systemic inflammation from malaria, even without traditional cerebral malaria signs, can disrupt brain function and lead to long-term sequelae. We propose that the current definition of cerebral malaria may not fully capture the observed evidence and a new conceptualization is necessary to encompass these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760240223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T11:34:13Z","timestamp":1738582453000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non-cerebral malaria: does such a thing exist?"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Beatriz Nogueira","family":"Siqueira-e-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Pereira","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  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