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Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND  Parasite antigens and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels from luminal origin in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients are correlated with cellular activation and low CD4+T cell counts.  OBJECTIVES  Our aim was to verify whether Leishmania infantum infection damages the intestinal barrier and whether combination antimonial\/antibiotic contributes to the reduction of LPS levels and immune activation.  METHODS  Golden hamsters were grouped in: G1-uninfected; G2-infected with L. infantum; and G3\/G4 and G5-infected, treated with antimonial, antibiotic or both drugs, respectively. The treatment initiated 45 days post infection (dpi), daily by 10 days.  FINDINGS  G2, G3, and G4 animals showed a significant increase in spleen weight compared to G1. An elevated parasite load was observed in G2, unlike the G3, G4, and especially, G5, whose decrease was significant at 120 dpi. Intestinal mucosal alterations and elevated LPS levels were observed in G2 group. However, G3, G4 and G5 animals showed lower LPS levels than G2. Moreover, G4 and G5 presented higher CD4+T-cell percentages and lower activation levels than G2 and G3, either at 60 or 101-120 dpi.  MAIN CONCLUSIONS  Our results showed evidence of bacterial translocation in experimental VL and that the concomitant use of antimonial and antibiotic may reduce LPS levels, along with an improvement of the immunosuppression and reduction of lymphocyte activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760240266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T18:09:06Z","timestamp":1757354946000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Concomitant use of anti-leishmanial therapy and antibacterial prophylaxis reduces plasma LPS levels and improves several aspects of experimental Leishmania infantum infection in golden hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Reis","family":"Santos-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodula\u00e7\u00e3o,  Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luciana","family":"Silva-Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelle da Senhora","family":"Cappato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Marques-Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milla Bezerra","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Regina","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayane Alvarinho","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Jos\u00e9","family":"Lopes-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Pelajo-Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Fonseca","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,  Brazil; 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