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Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND The deployment of the Wolbachia wMel strain is currently underway in multiple dengue-endemic municipalities across Brazil. The efficacy of this strategy in Rio de Janeiro remains uncertain, primarily due to the difficulty in sustaining high wMel prevalence in regions previously subjected to large-scale releases. A key contributing factor was the routine rotation of insecticides within the framework of Integrated Vector Management (IVM), which led to the use of the larvicide Spinosad for Aedes control in urban areas. This compound was associated with a precipitous decline in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, regardless of the wMel infection status. While wMel-uninfected population recovered within weeks, wMel-infected population remained at low levels likely due to the fitness costs imposed by wMel on egg viability.  OBJECTIVES and METHODS Evaluate the updated frequency of Wolbachia wMel strain in neighborhoods that received deployments. Fort that, we assessed the long-term persistence of wMel following its demographic collapse, by performing mosquito sampling across 12 neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro, 30 months after mosquito populations crashed.  FINDINGS Our findings reveal that wMel introgression remains suboptimal, with a mean frequency of 9.87% across the sampled areas. Only two neighbourhoods exhibited wMel frequencies exceeding 15%, likely reflecting ongoing localised releases.  MAIN CONCLUSIONS The reduced prevalence underscores the challenges of achieving self-sustaining wMel establishment in complex urban environments and highlight critical considerations for the implementation of Wolbachia-based dengue control programs in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760250212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:42:50Z","timestamp":1791196970000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wolbachia introgression in Rio de Janeiro remains at sub-optimal levels 30 months after its decline: challenges in the sustainability of wMel interventions for dengue control"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Karine Pedreira","family":"Padilha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Azambuja","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayane","family":"Teles-de-Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck Jeannot","family":"Gnonhoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Rocha","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Corr\u00eaa-Ant\u00f4nio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Paulo","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ademir Jesus","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Corbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]},{"name":"University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","place":["Montpellier, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Bento Pereira","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Luz","family":"Wallau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Recife, PE, Brasil"]},{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]},{"name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria","place":["Santa Maria, RS, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ary","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oswaldo Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Antunes Maciel","family":"Villela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz","place":["Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio 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