{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:33:56Z","timestamp":1761896036920},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Bras"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have demonstrated that the use of paramagnetic hepatobiliary contrast agents in the acquisition of magnetic resonance images remarkably improves the detection and differentiation of focal liver lesions, as compared with extracellular contrast agents. Paramagnetic hepatobiliary contrast agents initially show the perfusion of the lesions, as do extracellular agents, but delayed contrast-enhanced images can demonstrate contrast uptake by functional hepatocytes, providing further information for a better characterization of the lesions. Additionally, this intrinsic characteristic increases the accuracy in the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and metastases, particularly the small-sized ones. Recently, a hepatobiliary contrast agent called gadolinium ethoxybenzyl dimeglumine, that is simply known as gadoxetic acid, was approved by the National Health Surveillance Agency for use in humans. The authors present a literature review and a practical approach of magnetic resonance imaging utilizing gadoxetic acid as contrast agent, based on patients' images acquired during their initial experiment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2013.1794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,21]],"date-time":"2015-03-21T19:59:05Z","timestamp":1426967945000},"page":"43-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The role of gadoxetic acid as a paramagnetic contrast medium in the characterization and detection of focal liver lesions: a review"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Renata Lilian","family":"Bormann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Lima da","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Longo","family":"Kierzenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno Cheregati","family":"Pedrassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas Rios","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"D'Ippolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1172-x","article-title":"Clinical value of MRI liver-specific contrast agents: a tailored examination for a confident non-invasive diagnosis of focal liver lesions","volume":"19","author":"Ba-Ssalamah A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-011-9758-1","article-title":"Detection, classification, and characterization of focal liver lesions: value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging, gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging and the combination of both methods","volume":"37","author":"Holzapfel K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-011-9773-2","article-title":"MR of the liver: from breakthrough to clinical application","volume":"37","author":"Bartolozzi C","year":"2012","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1624-y","article-title":"Consensus report of the 2nd International Forum for Liver MRI","volume":"19","author":"Tanimoto A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2612-x","article-title":"Safety of MR liver specific contrast media","volume":"15","author":"Bellin MF","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-1912-x","article-title":"Currently used non-specific extracellular MR contrast media","volume":"13","author":"Bellin MF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2236-1","article-title":"Hepatobiliary contrast agents for contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver: properties, clinical development and applications","volume":"14","author":"Reimer P","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-39842008000400013","article-title":"Complications from the use of intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"41","author":"Elias J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.218.1.r01ja2427","article-title":"Contrast agents for MR imaging of the liver","volume":"218","author":"Semelka RC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-012-0179-7","article-title":"Focal hepatic lesions in Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI: the atlas","volume":"3","author":"Campos JT","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.01.031","article-title":"Primovist, Eovist: what to expect?","volume":"57","author":"Van Beers BE","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.296095515","article-title":"Hepatobiliary-specific MR contrast agents: role in imaging the liver and biliary tree","volume":"29","author":"Seale MK","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0716-9","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy of gadoxetic acid (Primovist)-enhanced MRI and spiral CT for a therapeutic strategy: comparison with intraoperative and histopathologic findings in focal liver lesions","volume":"18","author":"Hammerstingl R","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050150","article-title":"Enhancement characteristics of liver metastases, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiomas with Gd-EOB-DTPA: preliminary results with dynamic MR imaging","volume":"7","author":"Reimer P","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2301020269","article-title":"Improved detection of focal liver lesions at MR imaging: multicenter comparison of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images with intraoperative findings","volume":"230","author":"Huppertz A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Primovist. Bula","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20543","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a novel hepatobiliary MR contrast agent, Gd-DTPA-DeA: results of phase I and phase II clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Tanimoto A","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21689","article-title":"Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal solid organ and major vessel: comparison of enhancement effect between Gd-EOB-DTPA and Gd-DTPA","volume":"29","author":"Tamada T","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2371031842","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of MR imaging with liver-specific contrast agent: U.S. multicenter phase III study","volume":"237","author":"Bluemke DA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181a24512","article-title":"Vascular enhancement in early dynamic liver MR imaging in an animal model: comparison of two injection regimen and two different doses Gd-EOB-DTPA (gadoxetic acid) with standard Gd-DTPA","volume":"44","author":"Zech CJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1467-6","article-title":"Delay before the hepatocyte phase of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging: is it possible to shorten the examination time?","volume":"19","author":"Motosugi U","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1651-8","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of liver on 3.0-Tesla system: effect of intravenous administration of gadoxetic acid disodium","volume":"20","author":"Choi JS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2342040278","article-title":"Enhancement of focal liver lesions at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: correlation with histopathologic findings and spiral CT - initial observations","volume":"234","author":"Huppertz A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181705cd1","article-title":"Diagnostic performance and description of morphological features of focal nodular hyperplasia in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging: results of a multicenter trial","volume":"43","author":"Zech CJ","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2011.01.014","article-title":"Focal liver lesion detection and characterization with GD-EOB-DTPA","volume":"66","author":"Purysko AS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101840","article-title":"Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"261","author":"Sano K","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181c5faf7","article-title":"Gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating small hepatocellular carcinomas (< or =2 cm in diameter) from arterial enhancing pseudolesions: special emphasis on hepatobiliary phase imaging","volume":"45","author":"Sun HY","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W868","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.6237","article-title":"Gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MRI and high-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging to distinguish well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas from benign nodules in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"197","author":"Lee MH","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1812-9","article-title":"Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance images of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with histological grading and portal blood flow","volume":"20","author":"Kogita S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.6.43","article-title":"MR imaging in patients with suspected liver metastases: value of liver-specific contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA","volume":"6","author":"Zech CJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-012-9916-0","article-title":"Focal nodular hyperplasia: hepatobiliary enhancement patterns on gadoxetic-acid contrast-enhanced MRI","volume":"38","author":"van Kessel CS","year":"2013","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-39842008000200012","article-title":"Neoplasias hep\u00e1ticas: caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o por m\u00e9todos de imagem","volume":"41","author":"Tiferes DA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2422-5","article-title":"Appearance of hepatocellular adenomas on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI","volume":"22","author":"Denecke T","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.5.1821227","article-title":"MRI of atypical focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: radiology-pathology correlation","volume":"182","author":"Ferlicot S","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22995","article-title":"Hepatocellular adenoma management and phenotypic classification: the Bordeaux experience","volume":"50","author":"Bioulac-Sage P","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101742","article-title":"Hepatocellular adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia: value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging in differential diagnosis","volume":"262","author":"Grazioli L","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-011-9687-z","article-title":"Hepatocellular nodules in liver cirrhosis: contrast-enhanced MR","volume":"36","author":"Bartolozzi C","year":"2011","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00130-1","article-title":"Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver","volume":"35","author":"Bruix J","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20933","article-title":"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Bruix J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0056-4","article-title":"Expression of OATP1B3 determines uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Narita M","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000218343","article-title":"Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: state of the art","volume":"27","author":"Zech CJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3181a7e3c7","article-title":"Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging versus multi-detector row computed tomography","volume":"33","author":"Kim YK","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091334","article-title":"Intraindividual comparison of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging and 64-section multidetector CT in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"256","author":"Di Martino M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1262","article-title":"Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI versus triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"192","author":"Kim SH","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22316","article-title":"Characterization of cirrhotic nodules with gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: the efficacy of hepatocyte-phase imaging","volume":"32","author":"Chou CT","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091388","article-title":"Added value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"255","author":"Ahn SS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-012-0805-x","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of MDCT, PET\/CT and gadoxetic acid (Primovist(\u00ae))-enhanced MRI in patients with colorectal liver metastases being considered for hepatic resection: initial experience in a single centre","volume":"181","author":"Chan VO","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.296095501","article-title":"Biliary MR imaging with Gd-EOB-DTPA and its clinical applications","volume":"29","author":"Lee NK","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiographics"}],"container-title":["Radiologia Brasileira"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rb\/v48n1\/0100-3984-rb-48-01-0043.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]],"date-time":"2017-05-22T23:37:42Z","timestamp":1495496262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-39842015000100011&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0100-39842015000100011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0100-3984.2013.1794","relation":{},"ISSN":["0100-3984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0100-3984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}}}