{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:17:39Z","timestamp":1790471859309,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Bras"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Pulmonary fungal infections, which can be opportunistic or endemic, lead to considerable morbidity and mortality. Such infections have multiple clinical presentations and imaging patterns, overlapping with those of various other diseases, complicating the diagnostic approach. Given the immensity of Brazil, knowledge of the epidemiological context of pulmonary fungal infections in the various regions of the country is paramount when considering their differential diagnoses. In addition, defining the patient immunological status will facilitate the identification of opportunistic infections, such as those occurring in patients with AIDS or febrile neutropenia. Histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis usually affect immunocompetent patients, whereas aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and pneumocystosis tend to affect those who are immunocompromised. Ground-glass opacities, nodules, consolidations, a miliary pattern, cavitary lesions, the halo sign\/reversed halo sign, and bronchiectasis are typical imaging patterns in the lungs and will be described individually, as will less common lesions such as pleural effusion, mediastinal lesions, pleural effusion, and chest wall involvement. Interpreting such tomographic patterns\/signs on computed tomography scans together with the patient immunological status and epidemiological context can facilitate the differential diagnosis by narrowing the options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2017.0223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]],"date-time":"2018-10-27T18:27:53Z","timestamp":1540664873000},"page":"313-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Tomographic assessment of thoracic fungal diseases: a pattern and signs approach"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Pedro Paulo Teixeira e Silva","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimagem Diagn\u00f3sticos,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Fouad","family":"Rabahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Auxiliadora Carmo","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo Rydz Pinheiro","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Benefic\u00eancia Portuguesa,  Brazil; Grupo Fleury,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Carlos Portugal","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Benefic\u00eancia Portuguesa,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Marchiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132009000900013","article-title":"Cap\u00edtulo 1 - Diagn\u00f3stico laboratorial das micoses pulmonares","volume":"35","author":"Xavier MO","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.15.2.7761632","article-title":"Thoracic mycoses from endemic fungi: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"15","author":"McAdams HP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.15.2.7761633","article-title":"Thoracic mycoses from opportunistic fungi: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"15","author":"McAdams HP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.04.017","article-title":"Pulmonary fungal infection: imaging findings in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients","volume":"59","author":"Chong S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Proposta de vigil\u00e2ncia epidemiol\u00f3gica da paracoccidioidomicose"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Portaria n\u00ba 204, de 17 de fevereiro de 2016. 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