{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:22:55Z","timestamp":1787916175564,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Bras"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract  Objective: To measure the potential radiation dose emitted by patients who have recently undergone diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures, in order to establish optimal radiation safety measures for such procedures.  Materials and Methods: We evaluated the radiation doses emitted by 175 adult patients in whom technetium-99m, iodine-131, and fluorine-18 radionuclides were administered for bone, kidney, heart, brain, and whole-body scans, as measured with a radiation detector. Those values served as the basis for evaluating whole-body radiopharmaceutical clearance, as well as the risk for the exposure of others to radiation, depending on the time elapsed since administration of the radiopharmaceutical.  Results: The mean time to clearance of the radiopharmaceuticals administered, expressed as the effective half-life, ranged from 1.18 \u00b1 0.30 h to 11.41 \u00b1 0.02 h, and the mean maximum cumulative radiation dose at 1.0 m from the patients was 149.74 \u00b1 56.72 \u00b5Sv. Even at a distance of 0.5 m, the cumulative dose was found to be only half and one tenth of the limits established for exposure of the general public and family members\/caregivers (1.0 mSv and 5.0 mSv per episode, respectively).  Conclusion: Cumulative radiation doses emitted by patients immediately after diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures are considerably lower than the limits established by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the International Atomic Energy Agency, and precautionary measures to avoid radiation exposure are therefore not required after such procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2022.0064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T12:33:55Z","timestamp":1673872435000},"page":"13-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Radiation safety measures in diagnostic nuclear medicine, based on the potential radiation dose emitted by radioactive patients"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3952-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Willegaignon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2314-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha Cristina Pereira","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Alexandre","family":"Pelissoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Barb\u00e9rio","family":"Coura-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Tatit","family":"Sapienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP),  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0956-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Buchpiguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP),  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0403","article-title":"Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association","volume":"21","author":"Sisson JC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14132234","article-title":"Thyroid cancer: radiation safety precautions in 131I therapy based on actual biokinetic measurements","volume":"273","author":"Liu B","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nct119","article-title":"Estimated dose from diagnostic nuclear medicine patients to people outside the Nuclear Medicine department","volume":"157","author":"Bartlett ML","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncs055","article-title":"On the safety of persons accompanying nuclear medicine patients","volume":"152","author":"D\u00edaz Barreto M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3126\/ijasbt.v2i3.10972","article-title":"Study of the exposure rate from the patients injected with radiopharmaceutical","volume":"2","author":"Khanal OB","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000165873.12868.59","article-title":"Radiation doses in the surroundings of patients undergoing nuclear medicine diagnostic studies","volume":"89","author":"Gomez-Palacios M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7577\/radopen.1196","article-title":"Nuclear radiation dose to the surroundings from patients who are undergoing nuclear medicine examinations","volume":"1","author":"Stenstad LI","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiography Open"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000225467.10064.34","article-title":"A new proposal for monitoring patients in nuclear medicine","volume":"91","author":"Willegaignon J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Release of patients after therapy with unsealed radionuclides. ICRP Publication 94","volume":"34","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-46","volume-title":"Radiation protection and safety in medical uses of ionizing radiation","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000202232.98823.87","article-title":"131I effective half-life (Teff) for patients with thyroid cancer","volume":"91","author":"Willegaignon J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199109000-00003","article-title":"Radiation dose rates from adult patients undergoing nuclear medicine investigations","volume":"12","author":"Mountford PJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/10420150.2012.670859","article-title":"A study on quantitative analysis of exposure dose caused by patient depending on time and distance in nuclear medicine examination","volume":"168","author":"Kim HS","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e318290cc0e","article-title":"Comparison of measured and calculated dose rates near nuclear medicine patients","volume":"105","author":"Yi Y","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000275298.69543.5c","article-title":"Correction factors for more accurate estimates of exposure rates near radioactive patients: experimental, point, and line source models","volume":"93","author":"Willegaignon J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3286-0","article-title":"Excretion of radionuclides in human breast milk after nuclear medicine examinations. Biokinetic and dosimetric data and recommendations on breastfeeding interruption","volume":"43","author":"Leide-Svegborn S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3182184fa0","article-title":"Outpatient radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer: a safe nuclear medicine procedure","volume":"36","author":"Willegaignon J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["Radiologia Brasileira"],"original-title":["Cuidados de radioprote\u00e7\u00e3o em medicina nuclear diagn\u00f3stica baseados no potencial de dose de radia\u00e7\u00e3o emitida por pacientes radioativos"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0100-39842023000100007&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T16:51:56Z","timestamp":1678812716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-39842023000100007&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0100-39842023000100007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0100-3984.2022.0064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-7099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-7099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}}}