{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:31:51Z","timestamp":1785522711224,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Bras"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein expressed in normal prostate cells and overexpressed in prostate cancer. Consequently, it is an important tool in the evaluation of prostate cancer, including the staging of high-risk patients and the assessment of biochemical recurrence. Despite the \u201cspecific\u201d designation, benign musculoskeletal conditions, such as fractures, osteodegenerative changes, and fibrous dysplasia, can also show PSMA uptake, which can lead to misinterpretation of the imaging findings. Therefore, radiologists must be aware of these potential pitfalls, understand their causes, and fully analyze their morphologic features on unfused computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging scans to correctly interpret the examination. In this pictorial essay, we review the basic characteristics of the 68Ga-PSMA positron-emission tomography\/CT (PET\/CT) radiotracer, discuss potential causes of false-positive findings on 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT in the musculoskeletal system, and illustrate the corresponding imaging findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2023.0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T12:58:01Z","timestamp":1696856281000},"page":"220-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Musculoskeletal pitfalls in 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3123-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00cdrline Cordeiro de Macedo","family":"Pontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony Reis","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akemi","family":"Osawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo Hueb","family":"Baroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0649-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adham do Amaral e","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"455","article-title":"The role of PSMA PET\/CT in imaging prostate cancer","volume":"160","author":"Kuten J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018170108","article-title":"Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET: clinical utilty in prostate cancer, normal patterns, pearls, and pitfalls","volume":"38","author":"Hofman MS","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019181931","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis and follow-up of advanced prostate cancer: clinical perspectives and state of the art","volume":"292","author":"Perez-Lopez R","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001871","article-title":"Benign traumatic rib fracture: a potential pitfall on 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen PET\/CT for prostate cancer","volume":"43","author":"Jochumsen MR","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001654","article-title":"68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT uptake in intramuscular myxoma imitates prostate cancer metastasis","volume":"42","author":"Zacho HD","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-020-00300-7","article-title":"Nonprostatic diseases on PSMA PET imaging: a spectrum of benign and malignant findings","volume":"20","author":"Barbosa FG","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002065","article-title":"Lumbar osteophyte avid on 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen PET\/CT","volume":"43","author":"Jochumsen MR","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002196","article-title":"Schmorl\u2019s node: confusion still persists in 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen ligand PET\/CT","volume":"43","author":"Sahoo MK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"32","article-title":"Cortical fibrous defects and non-ossifying fibromas in children and young adults: the analysis of radiological features in 28 cases and a review of literature","volume":"76","author":"Bla M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pol J Radiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0666-6","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia for radiologists: beyond ground glass bone matrix","volume":"9","author":"Kushchayeva YS","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e593","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002609","article-title":"Heterogeneity of 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT uptake in fibrous dysplasia","volume":"44","author":"Plouznikoff N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.7222","article-title":"Imaging of Paget disease of bone and its musculoskeletal complications: review","volume":"196","author":"Theodorou DJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3780-7","article-title":"Pearls and pitfalls in clinical interpretation of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PET imaging","volume":"44","author":"Sheikhbahaei S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001631","article-title":"Vertebral hemangioma mimicking bone metastasis in 68Ga-PSMA ligand PET\/CT","volume":"42","author":"Artigas C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016160068","article-title":"Soft-tissue infections and their imaging mimics: from cellulitis to necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"36","author":"Hayeri MR","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"}],"container-title":["Radiologia Brasileira"],"original-title":["Pitfalls do sistema musculoesquel\u00e9tico na PET\/CT com 68Ga-PSMA"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0100-39842023000400220&tlng=en","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T12:58:10Z","timestamp":1696856290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-39842023000400220&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"alternative-id":["S0100-39842023000400220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0100-3984.2023.0003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1678-7099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1678-7099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}