{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T22:46:23Z","timestamp":1778021183967,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have addressed Leptospira seroprevalence and risk factors in urban populations in Colombia. This study aimed to determine seroprevalence and factors associated with Leptospira infection in inhabitants of an urban district of Cali, Colombia. We collected sociodemographic and environmental data, as well as blood samples, from 353 subjects selected through a multistage cluster sampling design. We performed microagglutination test for the eight main Leptospira serogroups circulating in the region, considering a cut-off titer of \u2265 1:100. Most participants were female (226, 64.8%), with mean age 41.4 years, and 89 (32.6%) lived in low-low socioeconomic stratum (SES-1). Overall seroprevalence was 12.2% (95%CI: 10.3%-14.4%). Factors associated with Leptospira infection were SES 1, older age, single marital status, ethnic groups (Afro-Colombian and white\/mestizo), school students, absence of toilet, barefoot walking, travel outside Cali in the previous month, and absence of skin and mucous-membrane lesions in the previous month. Our study suggests domestic and peridomiciliary transmission of Leptospira likely related to activities of daily living and inadequate environmental conditions. SES-1 is a major factor associated with Leptospira infection (adjusted OR = 4.08; 95%CI: 2.54-6.53; p &lt; 0.001), suggesting that social and environmental conditions are key elements for endemicity of Leptospira infection in the study area. Epidemiological surveillance, improvement of environmental and sanitary conditions in various SES-1 areas, and community educational campaigns are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00039216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T19:40:13Z","timestamp":1497469213000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Seroprevalence and factors associated with Leptospira infection in an urban district of Cali, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Escand\u00f3n-Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyda","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miryam","family":"Astudillo-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200110000-00005","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Vinetz JM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti AR","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80012-9","article-title":"Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil.","volume":"354","author":"Ko AI","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"153","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of human leptospirosis in Colombia, 2007-2011","volume":"33","author":"Bello S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.002","article-title":"Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis fuelling the fire?","volume":"104","author":"Lau CL","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70216-6","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Latin America.","volume":"14","author":"Lomar AV","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett PN","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"250","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in inhabitants of peripheral neighborhoods in Cali, Colombia","volume":"26","author":"Ferro BE","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007000900017","article-title":"Situaci\u00f3n de la leptospirosis en el Urab\u00e1 antioque\u00f1o colombiano estudio seroepidemiol\u00f3gico y factores de riesgo en poblaci\u00f3n general urbana","volume":"23","author":"Agudelo-Fl\u00f3rez P","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroepidemiological situation of human leptospirosis in Valle del Cauca","volume":"61","author":"Astudillo Hern\u00e1ndez M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0092","article-title":"Geographic variation in risk factors for SFG rickettsial and leptospiral exposure in Colombia","volume":"9","author":"Padmanabha H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-00642010000200010","article-title":"The prevalence of antibiodies against Leptospira in urban human and canine populations from the Tolima Department","volume":"12","author":"Romero MH","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-00642011000500010","article-title":"Leptospiral antibodies in a Colombian zoo's neotropical primates and workers","volume":"13","author":"Romero MH","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0232","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of Leptospira seroprevalence in humans, rats, mice, and dogs in a main tropical sea-port city","volume":"88","author":"Romero-Vivas CM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0508-y","article-title":"Leptospirosis in pigs, dogs, rodents, humans, and water in an area of the Colombian tropics","volume":"46","author":"Calder\u00f3n A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000600008","article-title":"Clinical-epidemiological study of leptospirosis in humans and reservoirs in Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"44","author":"Vado-Sol\u00eds I","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460578","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/460578","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Leptospira exposure in general population in rural Durango, Mexico","volume":"2015","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel C","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.030660","article-title":"Environmental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru","volume":"10","author":"Johnson MA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"51","article-title":"Serological investigations for leptospirosis in humans in Columbia","volume":"3","author":"Sebek Z","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geogr Med Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.22490\/21456453.897","article-title":"Prevalencia de leptospirosis en humanos en la zona urbana del municipio de Puerto Libertador, C\u00f3rdoba, Colombia","author":"Rodr\u00edguez Barreto H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n Agraria y Ambiental"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"325","article-title":"Epidemiology of leptospirosis in a livestock production area of the Andes","volume":"7","author":"Ochoa JE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"205","article-title":"Leptospirosis in high risk groups of workers from fifteen piggeries and the central abbatoir in Manizales, Colombia","volume":"35","author":"Orrego Uribe A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Med Vet"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"240","article-title":"Occupational leptospirosis in a Colombian Caribbean area","volume":"47","author":"N\u00e1jera S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Salud P\u00fablica M\u00e9x"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-00642008000200007","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp in population groups of Villavicencio, Colombia","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3ngora A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"319","article-title":"Seroprevalencia de Leptospira sp , Rickettsia sp. y Ehrlichia sp. en trabajadores rurales del departamento de Sucre, Colombia","volume":"12","author":"R\u00edos R","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"30","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Leptospira sp , Rickettsia sp. and Ehrlichia sp. in rural workers of Sucre, Colombia","volume":"16","author":"Pedraza AM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/346208","article-title":"Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Levett PN","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.3.63","article-title":"Prevalence of Leptospira infection in aborted pigs in Northern Ireland","volume":"118","author":"Ellis WA","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2003.12.003","article-title":"Microbiological and serological study of leptospirosis in horses at slaughter first isolations","volume":"76","author":"Rocha T","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114686","article-title":"A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis","volume":"126","author":"Cacciapuoti B","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-839","article-title":"Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies","volume":"49","author":"Brenner DJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"291","article-title":"Exposure to Leptospira in stray dogs in the city of Cali","volume":"24","author":"Rodriguez AL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12252","article-title":"Preliminary investigations on the distribution of Leptospira serovars in domestic animals in North-West Morocco","volume":"63","author":"Benkirane A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030308","article-title":"Determining risk for severe leptospirosis by molecular analysis of environmental surface waters for pathogenic Leptospira","volume":"3","author":"Ganoza CA","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-7-2","article-title":"Slum health diseases of neglected populations","volume":"7","author":"Riley LW","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000154","article-title":"Household transmission of Leptospira infection in urban slum communities","volume":"2","author":"Maciel EA","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums","volume":"2","author":"Reis RB","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803001201","article-title":"Risk factors and the prevalence of leptospirosis infection in a rural community of Chiapas, Mexico","volume":"131","author":"Leal-Castellanos CB","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.957","article-title":"Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and risk factor analysis in flood-prone rural areas in Lao PDR","volume":"78","author":"Kawaguchi L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"18","article-title":"Comportamiento de la leptospirosis en el departamento del Atl\u00e1ntico (Colombia) enero de 1999 a marzo del 2004","volume":"20","author":"Mac\u00edas Herrera JC","year":"2005","journal-title":"Salud UNINORTE"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"325","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in the Quind\u00edo department (2005-2006)","volume":"12","author":"S\u00e1nchez Vallejo G","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"99","article-title":"Etiology and epidemiological characterization of non-malarial febrile syndrome in three municipalities of Urab\u00e1 (Antioquia), Colombia","volume":"33","author":"Arroyave E","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652003000500002","article-title":"Human leptospirosis a twenty-nine-year serological study in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Romero EC","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.06.007","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors of human leptospirosis in Argentina (1999-2005)","volume":"107","author":"Vanasco NB","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.61","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998: epidemiologic analysis of 353 laboratory-confirmed cases.","volume":"66","author":"Katz AR","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/csp\/v33n5\/1678-4464-csp-33-05-e00039216.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T23:11:00Z","timestamp":1569453060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2017000505004&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"alternative-id":["S0102-311X2017000505004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311x00039216","relation":{},"ISSN":["0102-311X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0102-311X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}