{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:19:52Z","timestamp":1792430392067,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"FapUNIFESP (SciELO)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy, the mother to child transmission of syphilis and the incidence of congenital syphilis in incarcerated women in Brazil; to compare these rates to those observed in pregnant women outside of jail; and to verify the maternal factors associated with syphilis infection during pregnancy in free and incarcerated women. We used data from two nationwide studies conducted during the period 2011-2014. The Birth in Brazil study included 23,894 free women cared for in 266 hospitals. The Maternal and Infant Health in Prisons study included 495 incarcerated pregnant women or mothers living with their children, according to a census conducted in 33 female prisons. The same case definitions and data collection methods were used in both studies. The chi-square test was used to compare the characteristics of incarcerated and free women with a significance of 0.05. For incarcerated women, the estimated prevalence of syphilis during pregnancy was 8.7% (95%CI: 5.7-13.1) and for HIV infection 3.3% (95%CI: 1.7-6.6); the estimated mother to child transmission of syphilis was 66.7% (95%CI: 44.7-83.2) and the incidence of congenital syphilis was 58.1 per 1,000 living newborns (95%CI: 40.4-82.8). Incarcerated women had a greater prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy, lower quality of antenatal care and higher levels of social vulnerability. Syphilis infection showed to be an indicator of social vulnerability in free women, but not in incarcerated women. Health initiatives in prison are necessary to reduce healthcare inequalities and should include adequate antenatal and birth care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00183616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,18]],"date-time":"2017-11-18T17:29:41Z","timestamp":1511026181000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy in incarcerated women and the incidence of congenital syphilis in births in prison in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1590","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Rosa Maria Soares Madeira","family":"Domingues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria do Carmo","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Esteves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Roma","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Larouz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"530","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7","article-title":"The health of prisoners","volume":"377","author":"Fazel S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2011.011194","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis in incarcerated persons","volume":"23","author":"Kouyoumdjian FG","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of HIV testing and prevalence in twelve Brazilian correctional facilities","volume":"10","author":"Sgarbi RVE","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302186","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections among incarcerated women findings from a decade of screening in a Los Angeles County Jail, 2002-2012","volume":"104","author":"Javanbakht M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102000000500001","article-title":"Correlation between HIV and HCV in Brazilian prisoners evidence for parenteral transmission inside prison","volume":"34","author":"Burattini M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131718","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population","volume":"10","author":"Bautista-Arredondo S","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302852","article-title":"Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections among offenders following arrest or incarceration","volume":"105","author":"Wiehe SE","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S9","article-title":"Lives saved tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality","volume":"11","author":"Blencowe H","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-010-0258-z","article-title":"Advances in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission the international perspectives","volume":"78","author":"Rongkavilit C","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007523027876","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HIV, HCV and syphilis in Brazilian prisoners preponderance of parenteral transmission","volume":"15","author":"Massad E","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822000000100004","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV-1\/2, HTLV-I\/II, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum and Trypanosoma cruzi among prison inmates at Manhua\u00e7u, Minas Gerais State, Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Catalan-Soares BC","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"2125","article-title":"Seroprevalence and factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis in inmates in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Albuquerque AC","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414531242","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with HIV infection, hepatitis and syphilis in a state prison of Sao Paulo","volume":"26","author":"El Maerrawi I","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200010000-00001","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases among female prisoners in Brazil prevalence and risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Miranda AE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2001000600018","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de HIV, papilomav\u00edrus humano e s\u00edfilis na Penitenci\u00e1ria Feminina da Capital, S\u00e3o Paulo, 1997-1998","volume":"17","author":"Lopes F","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2004000500020","article-title":"The vulnerability of Brazilian female prisoners to HIV infection","volume":"37","author":"Strazza L","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.53393\/rial.2006.65.32886","article-title":"Soropreval\u00eancia de HIV, s\u00edfilis, hepatite B e C em mulheres do Centro de Ressocializa\u00e7\u00e3o Feminino, Rio Claro, S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"65","author":"Berra JAP","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"87","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de anti-HCV, anti-HIV e co-infec\u00e7\u00e3o HCV\/HIV em um pres\u00eddio feminino do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul","volume":"40","author":"Gabe C","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anal Clin"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-33","article-title":"Correlates of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among prison inmates and officers in Ghana a national multicenter study","volume":"8","author":"Adjei AA","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"423","article-title":"Infecciones de transmisi\u00f3n sexual en mujeres de un establecimiento penitenciario de Lima, Per\u00fa","volume":"30","author":"Garaycochea MC","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059643","article-title":"Burden of infectious diseases, substance use disorders, and mental illness among Ukrainian prisoners transitioning to the community","volume":"8","author":"Azbel L","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-9-15","article-title":"Birth in Brazil national survey into labour and birth","volume":"9","author":"Leal MC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00176013","article-title":"Desenho da amostra Nascer no Brasil Pesquisa Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento","volume":"30","author":"Vasconcellos MTL","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"2061","article-title":"Birth in prison pregnancy and birth behind bars in Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Leal MC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"695","article-title":"Screening for alcohol use by pregnant women of public health care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Moraes CL","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-111","article-title":"Risk factors for adverse perinatal outcomes in imprisoned pregnant women a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Knight M","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.932894","article-title":"Mental health issues among pregnant women in correctional facilities a systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Mukherjee S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Global guidance on criteria and processes for validation: elimination of mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and syphilis","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Getting it right? Services for pregnant women, new mothers, and babies in prison","author":"North J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2012.0048","article-title":"Health care of pregnant women in U S. state prisons","volume":"23","author":"Ferszt GG","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-214","article-title":"Pregnancy, prison and perinatal outcomes in New South Wales, Australia a retrospective cohort study using linked health data","volume":"14","author":"Walker JR","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.151282","article-title":"Improving antenatal care in prisons","volume":"93","author":"Skerker M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12605","article-title":"Systematic mixed-methods review of interventions, outcomes and experiences for imprisoned pregnant women","volume":"71","author":"Shaw J","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1080-z","article-title":"Perinatal health care services for imprisoned pregnant women and associated outcomes a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Bard E","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00933.x","article-title":"Within prisons, is there an association between the quantity of prenatal care and infant birthweight","volume":"22","author":"Sherman S","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000146598.40301.e6","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of HIV screening for incarcerated pregnant women","volume":"38","author":"Resch S","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199704000-00006","article-title":"New approaches to syphilis control Finding opportunities for syphilis treatment and congenital syphilis prevention in a women's correctional setting","volume":"24","author":"Blank S","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31823b17e3","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No 511: health care for pregnant and postpartum incarcerated women and adolescent females","volume":"118","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0b013e318281056b","article-title":"Advocating for pregnant women in prison the role of the correctional nurse","volume":"9","author":"Ferszt GG","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2015.0061","article-title":"Pregnancy and parenting support for incarcerated women lessons learned","volume":"9","author":"Shlafer RJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Community Health Partnersh"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"26","article-title":"Reaching out caring for women prisoners in Western Australia","volume":"18","author":"Geraghty S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pract Midwife"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200102000-00006","article-title":"Missed opportunities for congenital syphilis prevention in an urban southeastern hospital","volume":"28","author":"Warner L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892004000900003","article-title":"Positividade para s\u00edfilis em pu\u00e9rperas: ainda um desafio para o Brasil","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues CS","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0837-8","article-title":"Prenatal testing and prevalence of HIV infection during pregnancy: data from the \"Birth in Brazil\" study, a national hospital-based study","volume":"15","author":"Domingues RM","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"197","article-title":"Behavior associated with HIV and HCV infection in female prison inmates in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Strazza L","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S321","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2009001400014","article-title":"Contextos de vulnerabilidade para o HIV entre mulheres brasileiras","volume":"25","author":"Santos NJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Portaria Interministerial n\u00ba 1, de 02 de janeiro de 2014. Institui a Pol\u00edtica Nacional de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Sa\u00fade das Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade no Sistema Prisional no \u00e2mbito do Sistema \u00danico de Sa\u00fade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Diretrizes para a conviv\u00eancia m\u00e3e filho\/a no sistema prisional"}],"container-title":["Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/csp\/v33n11\/1678-4464-csp-33-11-e00183616.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:35:51Z","timestamp":1750984551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2017001105009&lng=en&tlng=en"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]]}},"alternative-id":["S0102-311X2017001105009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311x00183616","relation":{},"ISSN":["0102-311X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0102-311X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]]}}}